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Pathophysiology > Module 10 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Module 10 - Respiratory Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Function of the lungs and airways

A
  • Gas exchange in the alveoli
  • Angiotensin I to II
  • Type II alveoli cells make pulmonary surfactant allowing for greater efficiency of lung inflation
  • some protections against pathogens (type II alveoli cells)
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2
Q

Movement of air (gas) into and out of the lungs; moves along pressure gradient

A

Ventilation

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3
Q

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveolar level

A

Gas Exchange

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4
Q

Air movement into the lungs depends on the _______ of the airways and lung compliance

A

Resistance

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5
Q

Measurement of gases dissolved in blood

A

PO2 - 100% (80-100 mmHg; oxygenation)

PCO2 - 35-45 mmHg (ventilation)

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6
Q

Air moves b/w the atmosphere and into the lungs b/c of pressure differences; physics dictates that air moves in gradient from high to low pressure

A

Inspiration (chest expands)

  • Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
  • Intrapleural pressure becomes negative
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7
Q

Elastic components of the chest wall and lung recoil

Chest cavity size decreases

A

Expiration

Intra-thoracic pressure increases and expiration passively occurs

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8
Q

_____ _________ causes strong increase in intrathoracic pressure, impedes venous return to right atrium

A

Valsalva maneuver

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9
Q

Movement of blood flow to the gas exchange portion of the lung

A

Perfusion

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10
Q

Oxygen Transport 2 methods

A
  1. O2 is transported in chemical combination w/ hemoglobin, called oxyhemoglobin (about 96-98%)
  2. Transported in the dissolved state (2-4%) and can diffuse into the tissue cells
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11
Q

____ ________ depends on the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin

A

Oxygen saturation

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12
Q

Reduction in BLOOD oxygen levels from a resp. disease, dysfunction of the neuro system, and/or alterations in circulation. Can lead to ventilation/perfusion mismatching

A

Hypoxemia

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13
Q

As PO2 drops, body switches to _____ _____ and lactic acid begins building up in the blood causing metabolic acidosis

A

Anaerobic metabolism

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14
Q

Increase in CO2 content of arterial blood

A

Hypercapnia

Normal pCO2 is 35-45

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15
Q

Hypercapnia

A
  • Decreases pH
  • Acidosis
  • Compensation results in increased HR and RR
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16
Q

Bluish discolorization of the skin resulting from excessive concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin in small vessles

LATE SIGN of resp. failure

A

Cyanosis

Central: Tongue and lips
Peripheral: extremities, tip of nose and ears

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17
Q

Circumoral Cyanosis

A

Cyanosis around the lips

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18
Q

_____ is a SUBJECTIVE sensation of difficulty in breathing

A

Dyspnea

*anxiety related

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19
Q

Cause of Dyspnea is unknown but 4 mechanisms have been proposed:

A
  1. Stimulation of lung receptors
  2. CNS transmittal of info to the brain cortex
  3. Reduction in Ventilatory capacity
  4. Stimulation of muscle receptors
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20
Q

Cough Reflex

A
  • coughing is a protective mechanism

- Bedrest impairs the expansion of chest, limits amount of air, making for a weak ineffective cough

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21
Q

OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASES

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A

Disorders that limit expiratory airflow

  1. Asthma
  2. COPD (Chronic bronchitis/Emphysema)
22
Q

DISORDERS OF LUNG INFLATION

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A

Disorders that decrease (restrict) expansion of the lung

  1. Atelectasis
  2. Pneumothorax
23
Q

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

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A
  1. Pneumonias
  2. Influenza
  3. Common Cold
24
Q

Asthma characteristics:

Extrinsic/Intrinsic

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Airway obstruction that is usually reversible
  • Airway inflammation
  • Increased airway responsiveness due to stimuli
  • Due to hypersensitivity reactions to a number of allergens
25
Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways involving recurring symptoms of airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Bronchial Asthma Patho: exaggerated hypersensitivity response to allergens
26
Know differences between Extrinsic (Atopic) Asthma Intrinsic (Nonatopic) Asthma
Ppt. notes
27
Leading cause of chronic illness with 80% being symptomatic by 6 years of age (more frequent in black children)
Asthma in Children
28
Management/Treatment of Asthma
1. Prevention and control of triggers and effects | 2. Medications
29
Fourth leading cause of death in US (more women than men) - Most common cause is cigarette smoke - 2nd is hereditary deficiency in a1-antitrypsin
COPD
30
Patho of COPD:
Inflammation and fibrosis of bronchial wall, hypertrophy of the submucosal glands and the hypersecretion of mucus,and loss of elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue
31
- Airway obstruction caused by inflammation of the major and small airways. Swelling of bronchial mucosa - Hypersecretion of bronchial mucous and a chronic/recurrent cough - 80-85% cases due to smoking
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS ("Blue Bloater") **Airway obstruction is persistent and irreversible **Inflammatory and fibrotic changes can extend into alveoli **Mucous plugs can prevent proper oxygenation
32
Destructive changes in the alveolar walls w/o fibrosis and abnormal enlargement of the distal air sacs
EMPHYSEMA ("Pink Puffers") Destruction of alveoli by enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages
33
COPD: Oxygen Therapy
Low flow (only 1-2 L/min) to prevent reduction of the ventilatory drive Normal person based on high CO2 levels; COPD based on low oxygen levels
34
Double-layered membrane that covers the lung
Pleura
35
An incomplete expansion of the lung or portion of a lung
Atelectasis
36
Pulmonary surfactant
main function is to reduce the surface tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung
37
Presence of air within the pleural space resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung
Pneumothorax
38
3 types of Pneumothorax
1. Spontaneous Pneumothorax 2. Traumatic Pneumothorax 3. Tension Pneumothorax
39
Due to a rupture of a bleb on the surface of the lung Cause is unknown, associated w/ tall young males and heavy smoking
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
40
Due to injuries (penetrating or non-penetrating)
Traumatic Pneumothorax
41
Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure LIFE THREATENING
Tension Pneumothorax *Mediastinal shift
42
Common Cold (NO ANTIBIOTICS)
- Viral in origin, with children being the main reservoir, adults have 2-3/ year and children up to 12/year - Highly contagious the first 3 days after symptoms begin - Secretions are clear and watery, mucous members are reddened, swollen, sore throat, hoarseness
43
Viral infection that is highly contagious and is the cause of about 36,000 deaths per year mainly elderly Malaise tends to be the distinguishing feature b/w common cold and flu
Influenza
44
Inflammatory reaction in the alveoli & interstitium of the lung caused by an infectious or non-infectious agent Alveolar air spaces fill with exudate (microbes enter lung and multiply and trigger pulmonary inflammation)
Pneumonia (Viral or bacterial) 6th leading cause of death in US
45
2 types of Pneumonia
Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
46
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
S. Pneumoniae | Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia
47
4 stages of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
1. Edema - filling of alveoli w/ microbes 2. Red hepatization - massive leukocytes and RBCs are lost 3. Gray hepatization - arrival of macrophages 4. Resolution - removal of alveolar exudate
48
Tuberculosis
- Number one cause of death from a single organism worldwide - Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid fast bacilli - Can infect any organ but lungs most common since the organisms thrive best in an oxygen-rich environment - Spread by airborne droplet, invisible particles
49
2 types of Acid-base balance
Respiratory and Metabolic
50
Decrease in ventilation, causing an increase in pCO2
Respiratory
51
Addition or loss of acid/alkali from the extracellular fluids cause alterations in the HCO3 levels
Metabolic

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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