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Biology > Module 12 > Flashcards

Module 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

The study of life processes in an organism

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2
Q

Vegetative organs

A

The parts of a plant (such as stems, roots, and leaves) that are not involved in reproduction

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3
Q

Reproductive organs

A

The parts of a plant (such as flowers, fruits, and seeds) involved in reproduction

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4
Q

Undifferentiated cells

A

Cells that have not specialized in any particular function

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5
Q

Xylem

A

Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves

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6
Q

Phloem

A

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plants

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7
Q

Girdling

A

The process of cutting away a ring of inner and outer bark all the way around a tree trunk

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8
Q

Deciduous plant

A

A plant that loses its leaves for winter

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9
Q

Nastic movement

A

A plant’s response to a stimulus such that the direction of the response is preprogrammed and not dependent on the direction of the stimulus

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10
Q

Stimulus

A

An environmental change that triggers a response

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11
Q

Pore spaces

A

Spaces in the soil that determine how much water and air the soil can hold

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12
Q

Loam

A

A mixture of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and organic matter

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13
Q

Translocation

A

The process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plant

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14
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals that circulate throughout multicellular organisms, regulating cellular processes by interacting with specifically targeted cells

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15
Q

Phototropism

A

A growth response to light

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16
Q

Gravitropism

A

A growth response to gravity

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17
Q

Thigmotropism

A

A growth response to touch

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18
Q

If a portion of a plant is producing new cells, what type of plant tissue will be in that region?

A

Meristematic tissue

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19
Q

What do we call the structure that attaches the blade of the leaf to the stem?

A

The petiole

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20
Q

What are the four regions of a root? Which region contains undifferentiated cells?

A

The root cap, the meristematic region, the elongation region, and the maturation region. The undifferentiated cells are in the meristematic region

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21
Q

Vascular bundles that are scattered and look almost face-like are what?

A

Monocots

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22
Q

Vascular bundles that do not have a face-like appearance and are positioned in a ring are what?

A

Dicots

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23
Q

What allows woody stems to have no limits to their growth, unlike herbaceous stems?

A

The cork cambium, because it can always produce more bark

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24
Q

What is the function of vascular cambium?

A

It produces new vascular tissue

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25
Q

If a stem has cork cambium, is it woody or herbaceous?

A

Woody

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26
Q

What kind of vascular tissue makes up most of the wood in a woody stem?

A

Xylem

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27
Q

What kind of vascular tissue is found in the inner bark of a woody stem?

A

Phloem

28
Q

What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth?

A

Primary growth occurs at the tips of roots and shoots and lengthens the plant. Secondary growth increases the width or girth of woody plants.

29
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?

A

Photosynthesis

30
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll?

A

Photosynthesis

31
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Protection

32
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transports water and minerals

33
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transports food and organic substances

34
Q

What is the function of the collenchyma?

A

Support

35
Q

What controls the opening and closing of the stomata on a leaf?

A

The guard cells

36
Q

Why is the bottom of a leaf typically a lighter shade of green than the top of the leaf?

A

Because the spongy mesophyll is typically on the underside of the leaf and it’s photosynthetic cells are not as tightly packed together

37
Q

What are the two types of pigments that causes some leaves to be a color other than green?

A

Carotenoids and anthocyanins

38
Q

If a tree has no abscission layer, will it be deciduous?

A

No

39
Q

Where is the abscission layer?

A

It is right between the stem and the petiole

40
Q

What are the 5 main distinctions monocots have over dicots?

A

Monocots have:
one seed leaf
leaf veins running parallel to midrib
vascular bundles that are scattered in the stem
fibrous roots
flower parts in multiples of 3

41
Q

What are the 5 main distinctions dicots have over monocots?

A

Dicots have:
two seed leafs
leaf veins branching from the midrib
vascular bundles in a ring in the stem
taproots
flower parts in multiple of 4 or 5

42
Q

What are the four processes for which plants require water? Which of these can be neglected for a short amount of time?

A

Photosynthesis, turgor pressure, hydrolysis, and transport. Since a plant can wilt without dying, turgor pressure can be ignored for a short time

43
Q

What is the difference between nastic movement and phototropism?

A

Nastic movement refers to movements that happen in a pre-programmed direction. Phototropism is directional, depending on the direction of the stimulus

44
Q

Briefly describe transpiration-pull and the cohesion-tension theory of water transport in plants

A

When water evaporates through the stomata in a plant’s leaves through transpiration, a deficit of water is created. This causes the water molecules just below those that evaporated to move up and take their place. Since water molecules like to stay together, however, the water molecules just below the ones that moved up also move up, in order to stay close. This causes a chain reaction, eventually causing water from the roots to move up into other parts of the plant

45
Q

Do xylem cells need to be alive for xylem to do their job?

A

No they do not need to be alive because they do not need to play an active role in the transport

46
Q

Do phloem cells need to be alive for phloem to do their job?

A

Yes they do need to be alive because they take an active part in translocation. Translocation requires energy and only living cells supply energy

47
Q

Do insectivorous plants really eat insects?

A

No they do not. They decompose the insects and use their raw materials for biosynthesis

48
Q

What are the four basic kinds of tissue (plus description)?

A

Meristematic tissue (tissue with undifferentiated cells), ground tissue (stores, supports, and transports nutrients), dermal tissue (tissue outside of plant), and vascular tissue (carries water throughout the plant)

49
Q

What are the 4 major parts of leaves?

A

The blade, apex, petiole, and stipules

50
Q

What are the three types of veins a leaf can have?

A

Parallel (straight veins), pinnate (veins that branch), and palmate (veins who’s branches branch)

51
Q

What are the big inorganic components of soil?

A

Gravel and sand

52
Q

What are the small inorganic components of soil?

A

Silt and clay

53
Q

What are the three phenomena that possibly explain how water moves against gravity in a plant?

A

Root pressure, capillary action, and transpiration

54
Q

What are the five identifiable groups of plant hormones?

A

Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene

55
Q

What hormone is believed to control the flowering of angiosperms, but has not certainly been identified?

A

Florigen

56
Q

What hormone alters how a stem elongates?

A

Auxins

57
Q

What hormone inhibits cell elongation and makes the cell thicker?

A

Cytokinins

58
Q

What hormone causes fruit to grow larger?

A

Gibberellins

59
Q

What hormone inhibits the abscission layer so it does not close off?

A

Abscisic acid

60
Q

What hormone promotes the ripening of fruit and is a gas?

A

Ethylene

61
Q

What is the very tip of the meristematic region that enables the root to grow in length?

A

The apical meristem

62
Q

What are the cells inside the epidermis called?

A

The cortex

63
Q

What is the midrib?

A

The central vein that extends from the petiole

64
Q

The brown color that shows when a leaf does not have any pigments other than chlorophyll is the result of what?

A

Tannic acid

65
Q

What is photoperiodism?

A

A plants response to different periods of light and darkness

Biology (18 decks)

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