Module 1.2

Question 1

The process by which cells of an
embryo become specialized structurally

Answer 1

DIFFERENTIATION

Question 2

enumerate the functions of a cell

Answer 2

Cells metabolize and release energy.

Cells synthesize molecules.

Cells provide a means of communication

Cells reproduce and provide for inheritance.

Question 3

homogenous substance that fills the cell and the various formed elements embedded in it.

Answer 3

CYTOPLASM

Question 4

viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes

Answer 4

cytosol

Question 5

membrane-bound and nonmembrane-bound structures

Answer 5

organelles

Question 6

Outermost layer of the cell

Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol with proteins extend across or are embedded in either surface of the lipid bilayer

Answer 6

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Question 7

what is the size of the plasma membrane?

Answer 7

7.5-10 nm thick

Question 8

include oligosaccharide chains that extend outward from the cell surface

Answer 8

glycolipids

Question 9

are incorporated directly within the lipid bilayer

Answer 9

integral proteins

Question 10

integral proteins can only be extracted using what?

Answer 10

detergent

Question 11

bound to one of the two membrane surfaces, particularly on the cytoplasmic side

Answer 11

Peripheral proteins

Question 12

peripheral proteins can only be extracted using what?

Answer 12

salt solutions

Question 13

give some functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 13

Functions:
* outer boundary of cells
* controls the entry and exit of substances
* receptor proteins function in intercellular
communication
* marker molecules enable cells to
recognize one another
* catalyzes chemical reactions
* attachment for the cytoskeleton

Question 14

The cell does not expend metabolic energy during transport.

Answer 14

Passive Membrane Transport

Question 15

A mediated transport mechanism that requires energy provided by ATP.

Answer 15

Active Membrane Transport

Question 16

list the passive membrane transport processes

Answer 16

Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis

Question 17

list the active membrane transport processes

Answer 17

Primary & Secondary Active Transport, Vesicle Membrane Transport

Question 18

movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent

Answer 18

Diffusion

Question 19

are multi-pass proteins forming transmembrane pores through which ions or small molecules pass selectively.

Cells open and close specific channels for Na+, K+, Ca2+ and other ions in response to various physiological stimuli

Answer 19

Channels

Question 20

transmembrane proteins that bind small molecules and translocate them across the membrane via conformational changes

Answer 20

Carriers

Question 21

movement of a solvent across a selectively permeable membrane from a higher water concentration to lower water concentration

Answer 21

Osmosis

Question 22

solutions have the same concentration solute particles

Answer 22

Isosmotic

Question 23

solutions have a greater concentration solute particles

Answer 23

Hyperosmotic

Question 24

solutions have a lesser concentration of solute particles

Answer 24

hyposmotic

Question 25

in what solution do cells swell and can undergo lysis

Answer 25

hypotonic solution,

Question 26

in what solution do cells neither swell nor shrink

Answer 26

isotonic solution

Question 27

in what solution do cells shrink

Answer 27

hypertonic solution

Question 28

movement of ions and small polar molecules down their concentration gradient; assisted across a selectively permeable membrane by a transport protein

Answer 28

facilitated diffusion

Question 29

is a mediated transport process that requires energy provided by ATP.

Answer 29

Primary Active Transport

Question 30

involves the active transport of an ion, and provides the energy necessary to move a different ion or some other molecule into the cell. (the ion provides the energy not the ATP)

Answer 30

Secondary Active Transport

Question 31

Refers the movement of larger volumes of substances across the plasma membrane through the formation or release of vesicles

Answer 31

Vesicular Transport

Question 32

the movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle.

Answer 32

Endocytosis

Question 33

list the different types of endocytosis

Answer 33

1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 34

is a type of endocytosis that is: cell eating the movement of solid material into cells macrophages & neutrophils

Answer 34

phagocytosis

Question 35

is a type of endocytosis that is: cell drinking the uptake of small droplets of liquid and the materials in them

Answer 35

pinocytosis

Question 36

accomplishes bulk transfer of dissolved substances across the cell.

Answer 36

transcytosis

Question 37

is a type of endocytosis that: involves plasma membrane receptors attaching to molecules that are then taken into the cell

Answer 37

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 38

is the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation

Answer 38

Exocytosis

Question 39

movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the same direction as Na+

Answer 39

sympor

Question 40

movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction from Na+

Answer 40

antiport

Question 41

the signal molecules are carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body.

Answer 41

Endocrine Signaling

Question 42

the chemical ligand diffuses in extracellular fluid but is rapidly metabolized, so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source

Answer 42

Paracrine Signaling

Question 43

special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses

Answer 43

Synaptic signaling

Question 44

signals bind receptors on the same cells that produced the messenger molecule.

Answer 44

Autocrine signaling

Question 45

important in early embryonic tissue interactions the signaling molecules are cell membrane–bound proteins which bind surface receptors of the target cell when the two cells make direct physical contact.

Answer 45

Juxtacrine signaling