module 1.2 Flashcards
(79 cards)
What can cause pain during an injection?
Rapid injection, dull needle, or injecting into inflamed tissue.
What is trismus and what causes it?
Trismus is prolonged muscle spasm or limited jaw opening, often due to trauma to muscles or blood vessels.
What is a hematoma and which injection commonly causes it?
A hematoma is caused by puncturing a blood vessel; it often occurs during the PSA injection.
How can facial nerve paralysis occur during dental anesthesia?
By accidentally injecting anesthetic into the parotid gland during an inferior alveolar nerve block.
What causes needle breakage during injections?
Sudden patient movement or inserting the needle all the way to the hub.
What are post-anesthetic intraoral lesions?
Aphthous ulcers or herpes simplex virus outbreaks caused by tissue trauma from the injection.
What do afferent nerves do?
Carry sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system.
What do efferent nerves do?
Transmit motor responses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Which type of nerve fibers mediate pain perception during dental procedures?
Afferent (sensory) fibers.
Identify the properties of an ideal anesthetic
Potent and effective in small doses
Reversible action for safe patient recovery
Rapid onset and sufficient duration of anesthesia
Non-toxic, non-irritating to tissues
No allergic reactions, stable in solution, long shelf life
Easily metabolized and excreted, minimizing systemic accumulation
Low cost for clinical practicality
Recognize methods of inducing anesthesia
Topical Anesthetics: Surface application (e.g., benzocaine, Oraqix)
Infiltration and Block Injection: Most common in dentistry
Pharmacologic Sedation: Diazepam, nitrous oxide, Halcyon
Physical Methods: Ice (cryotherapy), pressure
What is local anesthesia?
A reversible loss of sensation in a defined area caused by pharmacologic depression of nerve function; the patient remains conscious.
Where are esters metabolized?
In the plasma by pseudocholinesterase.
Where are amides metabolized?
In the liver.
Which type of anesthetic has a higher allergy potential?
Esters.
Which type of anesthetic is more commonly used for topical application?
Esters (e.g., benzocaine).
Which type of anesthetic is more stable in solution?
Amides.
Which anesthetic type is commonly used for injections?
Amides (e.g., lidocaine, articaine).
Which anesthetic type has a longer shelf life?
Amides.
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
The membrane is polarized: inside is negative, outside is positive.
What happens during depolarization?
Sodium (Na⁺) channels open, sodium floods into the cell, and an action potential is generated (pain signal).
What occurs during repolarization?
Potassium (K⁺) exits the cell, and the membrane returns to resting potential.
How does local anesthesia affect sodium channels?
It binds to sodium channels and blocks Na⁺ influx.
What ion does local anesthesia compete with at receptor sites?
Calcium (Ca²⁺).
