Module 12

Question 1

Short-term memory maintains and manipulates information for use related to present and small duration episodes and thus is also referred to as ______ memory.

Answer 1

Working

Question 2

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is simply a(n) ______ in synaptic gain.

Answer 2

Increase

Question 3

From experimental analysis of Kandel and colleagues sea slug investigation of the synaptic changes that occur during classical conditioning, empirical data indicate during associative classical conditioning the stimulus is ______ to the trained stimulus

Answer 3

Nonspecific / Specific ???

Question 4

A contrast between classical conditioning stimulation procedure results and sensitization stimulation results is the ______ of the outcome response.

Answer 4

Magnitude

Question 5

One idea of selective attention is that it depends on the synchronous firing of neurons in different brain areas.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

In a scene presentation for object description after brain tumor surgery, patient A was presented a picture of a simple uncluttered fall wreath of twisted twigs, some pheasant feathers, and a medium sized orange ribbon bow. When asked to described or name the overall object, patient A replied an orange bow. This seems to indicate Balint’s syndrome of ______.

Answer 6

Simultanagnosia

Question 7

In Treisman’s research study of visual attentional processing feature and conjunction searches it was found that ______.

Answer 7

Conjunction took longer time

Question 8

Damage, disease, or injury to the occipital cortex may result in a normal-appearing eye having a total or partial loss of vision and is referred to as ______.

Answer 8

Cortical blindness

Question 9

What three clinical scenarios involving seriously brain-injured individuals did Peterson et al. (2015) discuss in reference to the seriousness of positive and false negative diagnoses? (Check the three correct answers.)

Answer 9

Withdrawal of life sustaining therapies, Disclosure of results to families, Equitable distribution of medical resources

Question 10

On what end of the scale would a person with a serious brain injury who had no higher brain functioning score on the Peturbational Complexity Index?

Answer 10

Low

Question 11

Brain damage resulting from a cardiac arrest related to the deprivation of blood to the brain is a type of ______.

Answer 11

Amnesia

Question 12

The multi-component working memory theory (M-WM) indicates working memory is considered to be a ______ system because its components are only temporarily activated.
malleable

Answer 12

Fluid

Question 13

______ memories are fleeting but give context to such elements as computer touch keys such that we can coordinate body movements related to the sensory information.

Answer 13

Haptic

Question 14

Elizabeth Murray and colleagues research findings indicate the performance of monkeys with damage to the perirhinal cortex performed as well as monkeys with no brain damage in ______ task.

Answer 14

Spatial memory

Question 15

______ is when impaired patients can make accurate guesses about a stimulus while at the same time not being visually aware of it.

Answer 15

Blindsight

Question 16

In a diagnostic review, the researcher is explaining with cues to the optic ataxia affected volunteer subject how to pick up cup A in the 2 cups on clear top desk set-up. The subject while reaching toward cup A, grasps air at least two times. ______ is the optic ataxia-induced misinformation for this error.

Answer 16

Distance

Question 17

Aside from satisfying the deep curiosity in the topic, core of all scientific endeavors, finding out more about how the brain produces consciousness may assist in treatment or understanding of ______.

Answer 17

Unresponsive wakefulness

Question 18

Although Eliam was preparing for an important presentation when Sasha entered the room, he shifted his focus and remained attentive to the whole time she was in the working conference room, although she made no conversation or interruptive noise. Eliam’s shift of attention is an example of ______ attention.

Answer 18

Overt

Question 19

Memories are thought to be stored in three registers based on capacities for storing information, in terms ______ of information and storage ______.

Answer 19

Amount; time

Question 20

The body of knowledge related to amnesia and how the brain function is impaired producing memory loss comes primarily from the study of ______ subjects.

Answer 20

Brain damaged

Question 21

Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning in which a ______ stimulus is associated with a ______ stimulus to create a reflexive response.

Answer 21

Neutral; meaningful

Question 22

Reviewing the report on best camera products Elle was totally unattentive to her cat meowing and close proximity totally focusing on the technical discuss of reviewed features. But when a firm friendly knock came to her door she immediately went to see who was calling. Elle is exhibiting the ______ attention to the knock.

Answer 22

Bottom-up

Question 23

Brit entered the K4 volunteer supervised classroom as an additional helper. She quickly scanned the scenario before anyone in particular noticed her. Seeing one young tossel-headed boy sitting apart and matching color blocks she decided to walk over and engage him. Minutes later several other children noticed the new helper, circled her and began all talking at once. Brit maintained focus on her subject and spoke only with him. Brit is exhibiting ______ control of her attention.

Answer 23

Top-down

Question 24

According to Treisman the sensory perceived unbound and unassociated object feature map is scanned by ______, and thus binding the object to representations of objects in memory and recognition.

Answer 24

Attentional spotlight

Question 25

According to global workspace theory of consciousness, neuronal activation “ignites” conscious awareness by being broadcasted throughout the global workspace, where it can be combined with other information, giving rise to the unified quality of conscious experience and relies on the ______ of the stimulus to trigger an activation threshold.

Answer 25

Strength

Question 26

Nondeclarative memories are acquired through the processes known as classical conditioning, priming, and ______.

Answer 26

Procedural learning

Question 27

______ memories persist the least amount of time but are important in detection and perception of movement.

Answer 27

Iconic

Question 28

A recorded electrical activity of single neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of monkeys engaged in a similar delayed-response task showed activity continued in the delay period of the task suggesting that these neurons actively ______ throughout the delay phase.

Answer 28

Maintain cue memory

Question 29

Korsakoff’s syndrome is an alcohol-induced thiamine deficiency resulting in the deterioration of the dorsomedial thalamus and of the mammillary bodies, which presents as impairment in ______ memory functions.

Answer 29

Episodic

Question 30

According to global workspace theory of consciousness, contextualized visual information such as a coffee cup incorporates several visual features such as color, shape, and size and are processed within the ______ and hippocampal system.

Answer 30

Medial temporal lobes

Question 31

Electrical recordings of the hippocampus show cells that increase their firing rate when a rat finds itself in a familiar area within an environment, showing that place cells contribute to a ______.

Answer 31

Sense of location

Question 32

In electrical recordings of rats in an environment learning task showed head-direction cells that provide rats with a sense of direction by providing information about heading and orientation and are primarily located in the ______ but also in other areas to a lesser degree.

Answer 32

Subiculum

Question 33

When neuroscientists were investigating the brain area functional role in attention, it was found that animal subjects with inactivated thalamus regions of the ______ were impaired in attention shifting to instructional cues.

Answer 33

Pulvinar

Question 34

Mesu was conversing with her neighbor about landscaping while yet hearing every word her teen and friends were saying about an upcoming social event. This is an example of ______ attention.

Answer 34

Overt

Question 35

According to the multi-component working memory theory the central executive competent has four important roles: (1) to focus attention, (2) to divide attention, (3) to permit switching from task to task, and (4) to interface with ______.

Answer 35

Long-term memory

Question 36

In a brain damaged attentional system replication study to obtain empirical data to support the prior findings, the researcher presents a simple scene of a table in a green out background with a pitcher and two drinking mugs. The subject is asked to describe one of the two mugs. The mug is accurately described as white. When asked for other details the subject replies there are none, disregarding the larger black polka dots on the mug. This is recorded and noted as Balint’s syndrome ______ impairment.

Answer 36

Ocumulotor apraxia / Feature distinction (??)

Question 37

Feature integration theory accounts for a phenomenon known as illusory conjunction, in which the features of two distinct stimuli are erroneously conjoined when briefly presented.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Neuroscientists investigating brain area functional role in attention found that animal subjects with inactivated thalamus regions were less able to ignore ______ stimuli.

Answer 38

Distracting

Question 39

A representative example of an episodic memory might be ______.

Answer 39

Marriage proposal

Question 40

______ memories facilitate tracking speech during conversation.

Answer 40

Echoic

Question 41

Long-term memory is viewed as a ______ system, in which information is stored in a more or less permanent manner.

Answer 41

Crystallized

Question 42

Dehaene and colleagues identified three types of stimuli, based on the stimuli’s ability to ______ conscious awareness.

Answer 42

Ignite

Question 43

______ is the phenomenon of perception spontaneously switching between two different images that are simultaneously presented to each eye.

Answer 43

Binocular rivalry

Question 44

Observationally, you realize that when you hear your unique cell phone ring assigned to your mom you have a mental visualization of her smiling face. This is an example of ______ associative learning.

Answer 44

Classical conditioning

Question 45

Associative learning refers to learning in which the association between stimuli are ______.

Answer 45

Learned

Question 46

In a natural setting with contrived stimulus and subject interview after the event, it was observed that people walking and talking on their cell phones were far less likely to notice an imposed unicycling clown riding across their pathway. This is an example of a ______ stimulus.

Answer 46

Subliminal

Question 47

Memory therapist asking an eyewitness to slowly and carefully visually re-examine the details of the dimly lit room leading up to the backdoor alarm activation is guiding memory recall of potential ______ memory.

Answer 47

Iconic

Question 48

Neurons that become active during learning and reactivated with presentation of cues related to the context of learning are referred to as ______.

Answer 48

Engram cells

Question 49

Mesu’s neighbor conversing with her about landscaping all the while was pruning and shaping a mandavilla growing on a trellis. The neighbor’s attention is an example of ______ attention.

Answer 49

Object

Question 50

Arriving to the track meet midway through the events with only a couple of running events left, Meg quickly spotted her red-haired son stretching in the 100 meter hurdles contestant group. She is exhibiting an example of ______.

Answer 50

Feature search

Question 51

The element of working memory that facilitates memories to be experienced as a sequence of events is the ______.

Answer 51

Episodic buffer

Question 52

The synthesis of ______ results in the long-lasting changes believed to lead to long-lasting memories.

Answer 52

New protein

Question 53

Research indicates the classical conditioning of emotional responses depend on the ______ region of the brain.

Answer 53

Amygdala

Question 54

In a research study of activated brain areas to visual stimuli it was observed that images of non-human related pictures such as a house activated the ______ region of the visual perception brain areas.

Answer 54

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

Question 55

In investigative research of brain imaging and visual stimulation of subjects, it was observed that the ______ mediates reflexive responses to visual information, such as automatically orienting the eyes to objects moving around in the visual field.

Answer 55

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

Question 56

Subliminal and preconscious stimuli activation ______ information broadcast throughout the global workspace for full processing.

Answer 56

Does not send

Question 57

Associative learning employing a consequence associated to a behavior is ______.

Answer 57

Classical conditioning

Question 58

In short-lasting long-term potentiation (S-LTP), synaptic efficacy lasts only for a few minutes or a few hours, and render processes of S-LTP as ______ and the changes induced by it are rapidly reversed after stimulation has ended.

Answer 58

Unstable and easily disrupted

Question 59

Searle’s thought experiment posits that to someone who is told to assess the intellectual abilities of a “subject” in the hidden room, a hidden computer can appear ______ simply because it can follow a set of instructions.

Answer 59

Conscious

Question 60

Subliminal and preconscious stimuli are both examples where a strong stimulus does not enter conscious awareness due to the attentional spotlight being diverted to other stimuli and is referred to as ______.

Answer 60

Inattentional blindness

Question 61

According to global workspace theory of consciousness, bound information contained within a processing module can be broadcasted to every other module in the global workspace via the ______.

Answer 61

Connective core

Question 62

Elizabeth Murray and colleagues research findings indicate the performance of monkeys with damage to the hippocampus did not have ______ impairments

Answer 62

Object-recognition Memory

Question 63

Memories that facilitate tracking speech during conversation persist for approximately ______ of time.

Answer 63

10 seconds

Question 64

There is no universally accepted definition of consciousness.

Answer 64

True