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A&P Exam 3 > Module 12 CNS > Flashcards

Module 12 CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What body cavities is the CNS in

A

Dorsal cavities

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2
Q

What does the CNS develop from

A

Neural tube

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3
Q

Describe the neural tube

A

Fluid filled cavity enlarged at rostral end( anterior)

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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5
Q

What are the long names of the primary vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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6
Q

How many secondary vesicles are there

A 
4
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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7
Q

When do secondary vesicles arise

A

Week 5 of embryonic development

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8
Q

What vesicles come from forebrain

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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9
Q

What vesicles come from hindbrain

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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10
Q

What primary vesicles remains undivided

A

Mesencephalon

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11
Q

What does telencephalon become

A

Cerebrum

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12
Q

What does diencephalon become

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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13
Q

What does mesencephalon become

A

Brain stem: midbrain

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14
Q

What does metencephalon become

A

Brain stem: pons

Cerebellum

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15
Q

What does myelencephalon become

A

Brain stem: medulla oblongata

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16
Q

Where do ventricles come from

A

Expansion of the lumen of the neural tube

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17
Q

What canal region does the telencephalon form

A

Lateral ventricles

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18
Q

What canal region does the diencephalon form

A

Third ventricle

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19
Q

What canal region does the mesencephalon form

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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20
Q

What canal region do the metencephalon and myelencephalon form

A

Fourth ventricle

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21
Q

What determines the shape of adult brain

A

Space restrictions in the skull during development

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22
Q

What ventricles are paired

A

Lateral ventricles

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23
Q

Where do you find the fourth ventricle

A

Between the pons and cerebellum

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24
Q

What is the basic pattern of the spinal cord

A

Central canal surrounded by grey matter

External white matter- myelinated fiber tracts

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25
What is the basic pattern of the brain
Similar to spinal cord with more grey matter In nuclei
26
What is the pattern of grey matter in the cerebellum and cerebrum
Grey matter in scattered nuclei Outer cortex And inner grey matter
27
What is the largest area of the brain
Cerebrum
28
What are some functions of the cerebrum
Conscious thought All intellectual functions Processing of somatic sensory and motor info
29
What is the cortex around the cerebrum called
Cerebral cortex
30
What are gyri
Ridges
31
What are sulci
Shallow grooves
32
What increases the surface area of the cerebral cortex
Gyri and sulci
33
What separates the cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
34
What are the 2 cerebral hemispheres divided into
Lobes for areas of skull bones
35
What divides the frontal and parietal lobes
Central sulcus
36
What divides the frontal and temporal lobes
Lateral sulcus
37
Where does the insula lie
Medial to the lateral sulcus
38
What seperates the parietal and occipital lobes
Parieto occipital sulcus
39
How many lobes is each hemisphere divided into and what are their names
``` 5 Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula ```
40
What are 3 main points to remember about the cerebral hemispheres
1. Receives sensory info from and sends motor info to the opposite side 2. Hemispheres have different functions 3. Corresponds between specific function and specific region is imprecise
41
Conscious behavior involves what portion of the cerebral cortex
The whole cortex
42
What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex
Motor areas Sensory areas Association areas
43
What do motor areas control
Voluntary movement
44
What do sensory areas control
Conscious awareness of sensations
45
What separates the motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
Central sulcus
46
What do association areas control
They integrate information, interpret data, coordinate response
47
What is the percentral gyrus
Primary motor cortex
48
How do neurons direct voluntary movements
By controlling somatic motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord
49
What does stimulating specific neurons in the primary motor cortex do
Generates contraction in specific skeletal muscles
50
What separates the motor and sensory areas of the cortex
The central sulcus
51
What is the post central gyrus
Primary somatosensory cortex
52
What do neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex recieve
Somatic sensory info | Touch, pressure, pain, taste, temperature
53
Where is the visual cortex found
Occipital lobe
54
Where is the auditory cortex
Temporal lobe
55
Where is the olfactory cortex
Temporal lobe
56
Where is the gustatory cortex
Insula lobe
57
What is the function of association areas
Interpret incoming data | Coordinate response
58
What areas of the cerebral cortex have association areas
Sensory and motor areas
59
What is the function of the somatosensory association center
Monitor activity of primary somatosensory cortex
60
Example of somatosensory association center function
Allow you to perceive that a light touch is a mosquito
61
What is the speech center called
Broca's area
62
Where is Broca's area found
Usually only in left hemisphere
63
What does Broca's area do
Directs muscles involved in speech production
64
What is the function of the visual association center
To monitor patterns in the visual cortex
65
What is an example function of the visual association center
You see specific letters when stimulation of receptors in your stimulate visual cortex Association center recognizes these letters and what they spell
66
What is the function of the auditory association center
To monitor sensory activity in the auditory cortex
67
Example function of auditory association area
Word recognition
68
What is premotor cortex
Somatic motor association center
69
What is premotor cortex responsible for
Coordination of learned movement Controls learned, repetitious, patterned motor skills Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions Planning of movements
70
What is the frontal eye field responsible for
Controls learned eye movements like scanning a page
71
What are 2 examples of multimodal association areas
Prefrontal cortex | Wernickes area
72
what is the function of the prefrontal cortex
Coordinate info relayed from association areas of entire cortex Perform abstract intellectual functions like predicting consequences Feeling of frustration or anxiety are interpreted
73
What does damage to prefrontal cortex cause
Difficulty estimating relationships between events
74
What is prefrontal cortex closely linked to
Limbic system
75
What does a lobotomy do
Remove prefrontal cortex | Removes anxiety
76
Where does wernickes area receive info from
All association areas
77
Where is wernickes area located
Left side of brain | Connected to Broca's
78
Where is spatial analysis area
On the right side
79
What is role of wernickes area
Understanding and comprehending spoken language
80
If you are right handed what part of brain is larger
Premotor cortex on the left side
81
What is the idea that the 2 hemispheres have different cortical functions called
Lateralization
82
What is the left hemisphere known for
Interpretive and speech centers Reading, writing, speaking Analytical tasks
83
What is right hemisphere known for
Relating body to sensory environment Permits object identification by senses Dominant role in face recognition
84
What are basal nuclei
Grey matter deep within cortical white matter
85
Where do internal capsule fibers run
Between and through caudate and lentiform nuclei Collectively called corpus striatum
86
What is the lentiform nucleus made of
Putamen and globus pallidus
87
What are the functions of basal nuclei
Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and learned movement patterns Provides general pattern and rhythm to movements Processes info received
88
What do basal nuclei not do
Initiate particular movements
89
Where does information to the basal nuclei come from
Sensory, motor, integrative areas of cerebral cortex
90
Where is info from basal nuclei output
Output to the thalamus
91
What happens once info has reached thalamus
Thalamus outputs info to appropriate area of the cerebral cortex to control muscle movement
92
Example functions of basal nuclei
Subconscious level of positioning and stabilizing arm/ shoulder for movement Control cycle of movement for Walking
93
What is the interior of cerebrum mainly made of
White matter
94
What are the 3 axon classifications of white matter
Association fibers Commissural fibers Projection fibers
95
What do association fibers do
Interconnect areas of cortex within a single hemisphere
96
What do commissural fibers do
Interconnect between the hemispheres
97
Example of commissural fibers
Corpus callosum
98
What do projection fibers do
Go to lower areas outside of cortex Or Enter from lower brain and spinal cord Run through basal nuclei
99
Example of projection fibers
Corona radiata and internal capsule The pathway to spinal cord for motor commands
100
What is the central core of the forebrain
Diencephalon
101
What are the 3 structures of the diencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
102
What encloses the third ventricle
Diencephalon
103
What part of the third ventricle does the thalamus form
Superolateral walls
104
What connects the 2 paired masses of the thalamus
The intermediate mass
105
How many groups of nuclei are in the thalamus | What are they called
``` 4 nuclei groups Anterior Ventral Dorsal Posterior ```
106
What do the thalamus nuclei do
Project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex
107
What type of impulses converge at the thalamus
Sensory afferent impulses
108
What occurs at the thalamus
Impulses of similar function are sorted out, edited, and relayed as group All inputs that ascend to cerebral cortex must go through thalamus
109
What is the "cap" of the brain stem
Hypothalamus
110
What part of third ventricle does hypothalamus form
The inferolateral walls
111
What are 2 portions of the hypothalamus
Mammillary bodies | Infundibulum
112
What do the mammillary bodies do
Act as relay station for olfactory pathways
113
What is the infundibulum
Stalk of hypothalamus connected to pituitary gland
114
What are the functions of the hypothalamus
``` Visceral control Regulate BP Rate of heart beat Digestive tract motility Rate of breathing Maintain body temp Regulate feeling of hunger Regulate sleep cycle Perception of pleasure, fear, rage ```
115
How is the hypothalamus involved in the endocrine system
Produces releasing hormones that control hormone secretion of anterior pituitary
116
What hormones are produced by hypothalamus
ADH | Oxytocin
117
What part of third ventricle is the epithalamus
The roof
118
What is the dorsal portion of the diencephalon
Epithalamus
119
What are 2 portions of the epithalamus
Pineal gland | Choroid plexus
120
What does the pineal gland secrete
Melatonin
121
Where is the pineal gland located
Extends from the posterior border of the epithalamus
122
What does the hormone melatonin do
Regulates sleep and mood
123
What does choroid plexus do
Secrete CSF Help clean and remove waste from CSF Alter ion concentration of CSF Have cilia to move CSF
124
What are the 3 areas of the brain stem
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
125
What does the brain stem control
Autonomic behaviors | Needed for survival
126
How many cranial nerves is the brain stem associated with
10 of the 12 pairs
127
Where is the midbrain
Between the diencephalon and pons
128
What are some midbrain structures
Cerebral peduncles Cerebral aqueduct Nuclei: substantia nigra & red nucleus Corpora quadrigemina: superior/ inferior colliculi
129
What are the cerebral peduncles
2 structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts
130
What is the cerebral aqueduct
Hollow tube that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
131
Where is the corpora quadrigemina
Dorsal portion of midbrain
132
What do the superior colliculi do
Act as visual reflex center | Track moving objects
133
What do the inferior colliculi do
Act as auditory relay center | Startle reflex
134
What kind if neurons does the substantia nigra contain
Dopamine releasing neurons
135
What is the substantia nigra functionally related to
The basal nuclei of the cerebrum
136
What disease is caused be degeneration of substantia nigra
Parkinson's
137
What are red nuclei involved in
Reticular formation Relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways
138
Where is the pons
Between midbrain and medulla oblongata
139
What part of 4th ventricle does pons form
Anterior wall
140
What do the fibers of the pons connect and do
Connect higher brain centers to spinal cord Relay impulses from motor cortex to cerebellum Contain nuclei for reticular formation
141
What are 2 parts of the medulla oblongata
Pyramids | Inferior olivary nuclei
142
What forms the pyramids
Corticospinal tracts
143
What is the cross over point of the Corticospinal tracts called
Decussation of the pyramids
144
What portion of the fourth ventricle does the medulla oblongata form
Anterior wall | With the pons
145
What type of info do inferior olivary nuclei relay | Where is info sent to
Relay sensory info about muscle stretch to cerebellum
146
What kind of reflex centers does medulla oblongata have | Specific examples
Autonomic reflex centers Cardiovascular control Respiratory center
147
What other area of the brain does the medulla oblongata specifically work with
Hypothalamus
148
Where is the cerebellum
Dorsal to pons and medulla | Protruding under occipital lobe of cerebrum
149
What kind of processing center is cerebellum
Automatic processing center
150
What are the functions of the cerebellum
Adjusting postural muscles Fine tuning movement at conscious and unconscious levels Calculating the best way to perform a movement
151
What is the neural cortex made of
Perkinje cells
152
What is the white matter of the cerebellum called
Arbor vitae
153
What is the general structure of the cerebellum
2 bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres connected by vermis
154
How many lobes does each hemisphere of the cerebellum have | What are they called
3 Anterior Posterior Flocculonodular
155
What is the role of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum
To coordinate body movements
156
What is the flocculonodular lobe involved in
Involved in posture and balance
157
What are the cerebellar peduncles
3 paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
158
What do the superior peduncles do
Connect the cerebellum to the midbrain
159
What do the middle peduncles do
Connect the pons to the cerebellum
160
What do the inferior peduncles do
Connect the medulla to the cerebellum
161
How is the cerebellum notified of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction
Motor areas of cerebral cortex via the nuclei in the pons
162
What informs the cerebellum of the body's condition
Impulses from proprioceptors and visual signals
163
What happens if cerebellum is injured
Clumsiness | Ataxia
164
Where does cerebellum send blueprint for coordinated movements
Back to the cerebral motor cortex
165
What part of brain detects mismatches between plan for motor action and feedback about how it is going
The cerebellar cortex
166
What are functional brain systems
Networks of neurons that work together and span wide areas
167
What are 2 examples of functional brain systems
Limbic system | Reticular formation
168
Where is the Limbic system
In nuclei and tracts along the border of cerebellum and brain stem
169
What are the functions of the Limbic
Establish emotional state Links conscious of cerebral cortex with autonomic function of brain stem Facilitates memory storage and retrieval
170
What are the structures of the Limbic system
``` Amygdala Limbic lobe of cerebral hemisphere (3 gyri) Cingulate gyrus Hippocampus Fornix ```
171
What is the role of the amygdala and cingulate gyrus
Regulate heart rate in fight or flight Link emotions with memories Act as interface between Limbic system, cerebrum, and sensory systems
172
What is role of hippocampus
Important for learning | Storage and retrieval of new long term memories
173
What is the Fornix
White matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus
174
What is the reticular formation composed of
3 broad columns along the brain stem Red nucleus Midbrain Nuclei in pons
175
What are far flung reticular formation axons connected to
Hypothalamus Thalamus Cerebellum Spinal cord
176
What are functions of the reticular formation
Reticular activating system | Motor function
177
What does RAS do
Send impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it alert and conscious Filters out repetitive / weak stimuli Sensory dampener
178
What drug interferes with RAS
LSD
179
What is the role of the motor function of reticular formation
Help control course motor movements | Help Autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions
180
What are done visceral motor functions that reticular formation helps
Vasomotor Cardiac Respiratory centers
181
What does EEG stand for
Electroencephalogram
182
What are the 4 types of brain waves
Alpha Beta Theta Delta
183
Describe alpha waves
Regular Low amp Slow Indicate idling brain
184
Describe beta waves
More irregular | During awake and alert state
185
Describe theta waves
More irregular Common in children And frustrated adults
186
Describe delta waves
High amp Deep sleep Infants And when RAS is damaged
187
What is a seizure
Temporary Uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons in brain With abnormal movements/ behhaviors
188
Describe focal seizure
One affecting little cortical area Sensory or motor symptoms Remain conscious Symptoms provide indication if which cortical area involved
189
Describe temporal lobe seizure
One that is spread to sensory cortex and association centers May have unusual experiences Sudden emotion change- Limbic
190
Describe convulsive seizures
Uncontrolled muscle contraction Tonic clinic Absence seizures
191
Describe tonic clonic
Grand mal Start at focus and spread to entire cortical surface Lose consciousness
192
Describe absence seizure
Petite mal Brief loss of consciousness Often not diagnosed
193
What does consciousness involve
Simultaneous activity of large areas of cerebral cortex | Associated with higher mental processing
194
Describe clinical consciousness
``` Continuum that grades behavior Alertness Drowsiness Stupor Coma ```
195
What is sleep
State of partial unconsciousness | Can be aroused
196
What are the 2 types of sleep
Deep aka slow wave | REM
197
What happens during deep sleep
``` Heart rate BP Respiratory rate Energy utilization All decline up to 30% ```
198
What happens during REM
BP and respiratory rate increase Dreaming occurs EEG resembles awake state Motor neurons inhibited
199
What regulates sleep cycle
Hypothalamus
200
What type of brain activity declines during sleep
RAS declines | Cerebral cortex is not being kept alert
201
What is the restorative sleep stage
NREM slow wave
202
When is the reverse learning process
REM | Info is purged
203
What side of cerebral hemisphere is for language
Mainly left
204
What happens if Broca's is damaged
Not able to speak
205
What happens if wernickes is damaged
Nonsense speech
206
What part of language is the right cerebral cortex responsible for
Body language | Emotion
207
What part f memory has limited space
STM | Only about 7-8 pieces of info
208
What is the working memory
SHort term
209
What factors influence memory transfer
Emotional state Rehearsal Association Automatic memory
210
What is automatic memory
Subconscious info stored in LTM
211
What aspect of memory takes time
Consolidation | Fitting in new info with stored info in cerebral cortex
212
What are the 2 categories of memory
Declarative | Nondeclarative
213
What category of memory is related to conscious thought and language ability
Declarative
214
What is unconscious learning
Non declarative
215
What are the subcategories if non declarative memory
Procedural Motor Emotional
216
How are non declarative memories aquired
Experience and repetition
217
Where are visual memories stored
Occipital cortex
218
Where are music memories stored
Temporal cortex
219
Where is sensory input processed
Association cortices
220
What do cortical neurons communicate with for memory creation
With hippocampus and amygdala
221
What does temporal lobe communicate with for memories
Specific areas of thalamus and prefrontal cortex
222
What does basal forebrain communicate with for memories
With prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe | Via Ach
223
What structures are involved in declarative memory creation
``` Hippocampus Amygdala Temporal lobe Prefrontal cortex Basal forebrain Thalamus ```
224
What leads to anterograde amnesia
Damage to both sides of hippocampus and temporal lobe structures
225
What structures are involved for skill memory
Thalamus Premotor cortex Basal nuclei
226
What is CNS protected by
Bone Meninges CSF
227
How is brain shielded from harmful substances
Blood brain barrier
228
What are meninges made of
Connective tissue
229
What are the functions of the meninges
Cover and protect CNS Protect blood vessels Enclose venous sinuses Contain CSF
230
What meninge has two layers
Dura mater around brain
231
What are the 2 dura mater layers and what does each do
Periosteal Attach to skull- periosteeum Meningeal Cover brain
232
What is in between the dura mater layers
Dural sinuses
233
What is in dural sinuses
Venous blood
234
What meninge extends inward to stabilize brain
Meningeal layer of dura
235
What is falx cerebri
Dura mater fold into longitudinal fissure
236
What is falx cerebelli
Dura mater that runs along vermis
237
What is the tentorium cerebelli
Dural fold that goes into transverse fissure
238
What is attached to the crista galli
Falx cerebri
239
What meninge does not follow sulci
Arachnoid mater
240
Where is subdural space
Between dura and arachnoid
241
Where is subarachnoid space
Between arachnoid and pia
242
What fills subarachnoid space
CSF | Large blood vessels
243
What do arachnoid villi do
Protrude into dural sinuses | Allow CSF to be absorbed by venous blood
244
What meninge follows sulci
Pia mater
245
What does pia mater contain
Many tiny blood vessels
246
What is encephalitis
Inflammation of brain
247
What causes meningococcal meningitis
Neisseria meningitis
248
What causes viral meningitis
Enteroviruses
249
What causes viral encephalitis
Arboviruses | West nile
250
What is CSF similar to
Blood plasma
251
What is CSF formed from
Blood plasma | Via choroid plexuses
252
How is CSF different from blood plasma
Less protein Different ion concentration More NA Less K
253
What helps nourish brain
CSF
254
What are choroid plexuses
Clusters of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells
255
How do choroid plexuses alter ion concentration of CSF
Have ion pumps
256
What functions do choroid plexuses have
Make CSF Clean CSF Move CSF by cilia
257
What are the layers of the blood brain barrier
Endothelium of capillary walls Thick basal lamina Bulbous feet of Astrocytes
258
Where is there no blood brain barrier
3rd and 4th ventricle areas For vomiting center And hypothalamus
259
What is contusion
Permanent brain damage | Coma if RAS damaged
260
What are cerebrovascular accidents
Strokes
261
What are causes of strokes
Cerebral artery blocked Compression of brain by hemorrhage or edema Atherosclerosis
262
What are TIAs
Transient ischemic attacks | Reversible cerebral ischemia
263
What occurs in Alzheimer's patients brains
Brain accumulates beta amyloid peptide outside neurons Tau tangles inside neurons Neurons die
264
What particular areas of the brain shrink during Alzheimer's
Basal forebrain | Hippocampus
265
What drugs help Alzheimer's
Ones that. Inhibit ach breakdown
266
What is degraded in Parkinson's
Dopamine releasing neurons in substantia niagra( midbrain)
267
What drugs help Parkinson's
Ldopa Supply dopamine Inhibit dopamine breakdown
268
What does the degeneration of substantia niagra cause
Over stimulated target basal nuclei Parkinson's Movements are difficult
269
What causes huntingtons
Accumulation of Huntingtin protein Leads to degeneration of basal nuclei Then cerebral cortex
270
What can treat huntingtons
Drugs that block dopamine
271
What does huntingtons cause
Jerky movement - chorea | Mental deterioration
272
Where is spinal cord
From foremen Magnum to L1
273
What is function of spinal cord
Communication to and from brain
274
What is conus medullaris
Terminal portion of cord at L1
275
What is filum terminale
Extention of pia | Anchors cord to coccyx
276
What are denticulate ligaments | What do they do
Shelves of pia | Attach cord to vertebre
277
How many spinal beers are there
31 pairs
278
How are spinal nerves attached to cord
By paired roots | - dorsal and ventral
279
Where does the spinal cord enlarge
At cervical and lumbar areas
280
What is cauda equina
Collection of nerve roots at end of vertebral canal
281
Where can a lumbar tap be done
Beyond L3 | No more cord or spinal roots
282
Where is epidural space
Between vertebrae and dura
283
What is epidural space filled with
Fat and network of veins
284
What does anterior median fissure divide
Anterior funiculi
285
What does posterior median sulcus divide
Posterior funiculi
286
What are funiculi made of
White matter | Myelinated nerve fibers
287
What is spinal grey matter made of
Soma Unmyelinated processes Neuroglia
288
What does grey commissural do
Connect grey matter | Enclose central canal
289
What are the names of te grey matter structures in spinal cord called
Dorsal horns Ventral horns Lateral horns
290
What is dorsal half of spinal cord for
Sensory roots and ganglia
291
What is ventral half of spinal cord for
Motor roots
292
What forms spinal nerves
Fused dorsal a ventral roots
293
What type of neurons are in dorsal horns
Interneurons
294
What type of neurons are in ventral horns
Somatic motor and interneurons
295
What kind of neurons are in lateral horns
Neurons of sympathetic nervous system ANS
296
Where are sensory pathways
Ascending
297
Where are motor pathways
Descending
298
What are example of ascending pathways
Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway | Spinocerebellar tracts
299
What does dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway do
Send sensory info to sensory cortex | For conscious perception
300
What does spinocerebellar tract do
Send impulse to cerebellum
301
What tract is not for sensory perception
Spinocerebellar tract
302
What does spinocerebellar tracts involve
Proprioceptors send impulse to dorsal horns Synapse with second order neurons Go to cerebellum
303
What does medial lemniscal system involve
Touch receptors or proprioceptors to dorsal horn Synapse with medulla nuclei - second order Ascend to thalamus to find third order Third order synapse with post central gyrus of cerebral cortex
304
Where does decussation occur
Medulla oblongata | Second order neurons
305
What pathway does not involve decussation
Spinocerebellar
306
What do descending tracts do
Deliver efferent Impulses from brain to cord
307
What is the direct pathway
Pyramidal tracts
308
What occurs in pyramidal tracts
Start at pyramidal neurons of precentral gyrus Impulses sent via Corticospinal tracts to anterior horn Anterior horn neurons activate skeletal muscles
309
What type of movements does direct pathway regulate
Fast and fine skilled movements
310
What is flaccid paralysis
Damage to central root or anterior horn
311
What does flaccid paralysis cause
Lower motor neuron damage Inpulses can't reach muscle No movement
312
What is spastic paralysis
Only upper neurons are damaged | In the primary motor cortex
313
What does spastic paralysis cause
Muscles are stimulate irregularly Spinal neurons intact No voluntary control

A&P Exam 3 (1 decks)

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