Module 1A: Anatomy Respiratory System Flashcards
(36 cards)
What structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?
Nose
Nasal cavities
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx (down to vocal folds)
What structures are part of the lower respiratory tract?
Larynx (lower/below vocal folds
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
- Lack cartilaginous support
Alveoli
- Gas exchange
What are the external features of the nose?
• Root: point of attachment to forehead
• Apex: tip of nose
• Lateral walls: project from face and meeting in midline to for dorsum of nose
• Dorsum nasi: connects root to apex
• External (anterior) nares: nostrils
• Bridge: upper part of dorsum nasi supported by nasal bones
What are the structures of the skeleton of the external nose?
• Nasal bones: form bridge
• Lateral nasal cartilages: form much of the dorsumand lateral aspect of nose, continuous with nasal bones
• Greater alar cartilages: bilateral, having lateral and medial crus which holds the nares open and gives shape to tip of nose
• Lesser alar cartilages: usually several small bones posterior to greater alar cartilage
• Septal cartilage: unpaired midline cartilage, helps divide nasal
cavity into 2 halves(fossae)
What are the choanae?
openings into nasopharynx (@ posterior edge of hard palate and vomer
What is the nasal cavity? What are the structures included?
Extends from external nares to choanae (internal/posterior nares)
Choanae
Vestibule
Nasal fossa
- Floor
Medial wall
- Roof
- Lateral nasal wall
Describe the vestibule in the nasal cavity
internally, corresponds to alae;
contains sweat, sebaceous glands and hairs
Describe the nasal fossa and the structures involved.
• Floor: hard palate (maxillae + palatine bones)
• Medial wall: septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, nasal crests of maxillae & palatine bones
• Roof: nasal bone, frontal bone, cribiform plate,
body of sphenoid
• Lateral nasal wall: worthy of its own slide…
What are the structures involved in the lateral nasal wall?
• Limen nasi
• Agger nasi
• Olfactory sulcus
• Conchae (turbinates)
• Sphenoethmoidal recess
• Meatuses
• Inferior meatus
• Middle meatus
• Ethmoid bulla
• Uncinate process
inferior & anterior to bulla.
• Semilunar hiatus
• Ethmoidal infundibulum
• Frontal recess
• Superior Meatus
• Blood supply of nose
Describe the Conchae (turbinates)
- usually 3 (or 4), scroll-like elevations covered by mucous membrane
• Inferior: largest, separate bone
• Middle: part of ethmoid
• Superior: part of ethmoid
• Supreme: inconsistent (~60%), part of
ethmoid
Describe the linen nasi
ridge formed by lower edge of later nasal cartilages. Separates vestibule from rest of nasal fossae. Marks transition of epithelial types
Describe the agger nasi
midway between anterior end of middle concha & dorsum of nose. Marks site of anterior ethmoid air cells
Describe the Olfactory sulcus
slight groove above agger nasi. Leads to olfactory area (mucosa) on roof of nasal cavity
Describe the Sphenoethmoidal recess
between superior (or supreme) concha & body of sphenoid
Describe the meatuses
interval between lateral nasal wall and each conchae
• Inferior meatus: receives ostium of nasolacrimal duct
• Middle meatus:
• Ethmoid bulla: marks position of ethmoid air cell. Ostia of the air cells are on surface
• Uncinate process: sharp mucosa covered ridge lying inferior & anterior to bulla.
• Semilunar hiatus: narros curved opening exiting the infundibululm. Located between uncinated process below and bulla above.
• Ethmoidal infundibulum: deep curved passage lying deep to semilunar hiatus. Anterior-superior end receives ostium of frontonasal duct (drains frontal sinus). Also, usually receives ostium of maxillary sinus just below semilunar hiatus (ostium bbeing the floor of infundibulum)
• Frontal recess: anterior to semilunar hiatus. Receives ostia of one or more ethmoid cells
• Superior Meatus: receives ostia of posterior
ethmoid cells
What is the blood supply to the nose?
Kieselbach’s Plexus-
mainly sphenopalatine a. Minor supply via
nasal brs of superior labial a, ethmoidal brs of
ophthalmic, greater palatine br of maxillary a
What are the paranasal sinuses?
• 4 paired, lined by respiratory mucosa
• Frontal : drains via frontonasal duct and
ethmoid infundibulum into middle meatus
• Ethmoid: drains via small ducts into middle &
superior meatuses
• Sphenoid: drains into sphenoethmoidal recess
• Maxillary: drains directly or via infundibulum into middle meatus
What is the nasopharynx? Describe the structures within
• Extends from internal nares (choanae) to free edge of soft palate
• Floor: soft palate
• Lateral walls: contains pharyngeal muscles & ostia of auditory tubes (located on posterior lip of ostium is torus tubarius, cartilaginous lip of pharyngotympanic tube into nasopharynx) ** clinical application!
• No medial wall: posterior to border of septum
• Roof: sphenoid bone & pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids= hypertrophied pharyngeal tonsils)
What is the trachea? What are the major relations of the trachea?
• Smooth, muscular (trachealis) tube. 15-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings
• From lower border of cricoid to bronchi (4-5” in length, ~1” in diameter)
• Passes through superior and posterior mediastinae
• Major relations of trachea:
In neck:
• Anteriorly: strenohyoid & sternothyroid, isthmus of thyroid gland (ant. To 2 nd & 3rd rings), thyroidea ima artery (if present, ~3-10%)
• Posteriorly: esophagus
• Laterally: lobes of thyroid gland (as low as 5 th or 6th tracheal ring), carotid aa, recurrent laryngeal nn
In thorax:
• Anteriorly: remains of thymus, L BCV, origins of BCT & LCCA, aortic arch, thyroidea ima* • R side: pleura, R vagus, R BCV, SVC, root of azygos v. • L side: L recurrent laryngeal n, arch of aorta, LCCA, L SCA
Describe the tracheal bifurcation. What is the modified tracheal ring called?
• Into L and R primary bronchi @ sternal angle (T4/5 disc level)
• In living, during deep inspiration, may reach T6
• Carina= modified tracheal ring supporting bifurcation
• Arch of aorta pushes tracheal bifurcation slightly to R as it loops over L primary bronchus
Where does the primary bronchi enter the lungs?
At the hilus
Where are the primary bronchii? Secondary bronchii? Tertiary bronchii?
Primary (main/ 1˚),1 to ea. lung
Secondary (lobar/2˚), one to each lobe
Tertiary (segmental/3˚), one to each bronchopulmonary segment; R=10, L=8(- 10) bronchioles <1mm in diameter. NO cartilage at this point.
What is the pleural cavity?
Potential space between parietal pleura & visceral (pulmonary) pleura. Contains pleural
fluid
What is the pleural recesses? Describe the costodiaphragmatic and the costomediastinal
Reflections of parietal pleura which provide for expansion of lungs during respiration
• Costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic): circumferential (horizontal) in angle between thoracic wall and diaphragm
• Costomediastinal: vertical, posterior to sternum, between thoracic wall & mediastinum
