Module 1b: Chemical Composition Of A Cell

Question 1

Epithelium is present on the ___________ of organs.

Answer 1

outside

Question 2

Epithelium is vascular/avascular and consists of cells which can/cannot divide.

Answer 2

avascular; cannot

Question 3

There are three types of epithelium: ___________, _____________, and ____________.

Answer 3

squamous; cuboidal; columnar

Question 4

_____________ epithelium is __________ in shape and primarily a barrier.

Answer 4

Squamous; flat

Question 5

When there are multiple layers of squamous epithelium it is called __________ ___________ epithelium.

Answer 5

Stratified squamous

Question 6

____________ epithelium is cube-like in shape and forms a barrier but has more __________ transport than squamous epithelium.

Answer 6

Cuboidal; active

Question 7

The cells in cuboidal epithelium have more _____________ to support the ______ transport.

Answer 7

organelles; active

Question 8

___________ epithelium is column-like in shape, is involved in __________ transport.

Answer 8

Columnar; active

Question 9

Nervous tissue is primarily involved in conducting __________ ____________.

Answer 9

electrical signals

Question 10

Nervous tissue consists of _________ and __________ (supporting cells).

Answer 10

neurons; neuroglia

Question 11

What are the three types of muscle?

Answer 11

Skeletal; Cardiac; Smooth

Question 12

Skeletal muscle is under __________ control.

Answer 12

voluntary

Question 13

Cardiac muscle is located in the __________ and is under __________ control.

Answer 13

heart; involuntary

Question 14

Smooth muscle is located in __________ and is under __________ control.

Answer 14

organs; involuntary

Question 15

What are the main macronutrients?

Answer 15

Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids

Question 16

A molecule is a particle which is usually a group of _________ joined together.

Answer 16

atoms

Question 17

Define a cation.

Answer 17

A positively charged ion

Question 18

Define an anion.

Answer 18

A negatively charged ion

Question 19

Key ions in the body include: __________, __________, __________, and __________.

Answer 19

Sodium; Chloride; Potassium; Calcium

Question 20

What is the most common molecule in the body?

Answer 20

Water (H2O)

Question 21

Ions are polar molecules because they have gained or lost electrons, so have a _________ or __________ charge.

Answer 21

positive; negative

Question 22

What is required for active transport?

Answer 22

Energy (ATP)

Question 23

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 23

Regenerate ATP

Question 24

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 24

Amino acids

Question 25

What is the pH scale used for?

Answer 25

Measuring acidity or alkalinity

Question 26

Acids release ________ ions.

Answer 26

H+

Question 27

Buffers are weak acids and bases that help maintain __________ pH.

Answer 27

neutral

Question 28

To make proteins and lipids, ________ must be formed between elements.

Answer 28

bonds

Question 29

Energy is released for cellular processes by breaking _______ into _______ molecules.

Answer 29

bonds; smaller

Question 30

What molecule is used for providing energy for cellular processes?

Answer 30

ATP

Question 31

Mitochondria can use ________, __________, and _________ to make ATP, IF O2 is present.

Answer 31

lipids; carbohydrates; proteins

Question 32

What is the role of buffers in cells?

Answer 32

Bind or release acid to keep pH close to neutral on the pH scale ## Footnote Buffers help maintain the stability of cellular environments by preventing drastic changes in pH.

Question 33

What must be formed between elements to make proteins and lipids?

Answer 33

Bonds ## Footnote These bonds are essential for creating complex molecules from simpler ones.

Question 34

What is released for cellular processes by breaking large molecules into small molecules?

Answer 34

Energy ## Footnote This process is crucial for powering various cellular functions.

Question 35

What molecule is primarily used for providing energy for cellular processes?

Answer 35

ATP ## Footnote ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is known as the energy currency of the cell.

Question 36

What substrates can mitochondria use to make ATP if O2 is present?

Answer 36

Carbs, proteins, Lipid (fat) ## Footnote Mitochondria are versatile organelles that can utilize different macromolecules for energy production.

Question 37

If no O2 is present, what must cells use?

Answer 37

Anaerobic metabolism ## Footnote This process allows cells to generate energy without oxygen, albeit less efficiently.

Question 38

Where is most ATP generated in the cell?

Answer 38

Mitochondria ## Footnote The mitochondria are often called the powerhouse of the cell due to their role in ATP production.

Question 39

What is formed when making ATP if O2 is present?

Answer 39

CO2 ## Footnote Carbon dioxide is a waste product released during aerobic respiration.

Question 40

What is formed when making ATP if O2 is absent?

Answer 40

Lactate ## Footnote Lactate is produced during anaerobic respiration and can lead to muscle fatigue.

Question 41

What type of metabolism produces a lot of ATP per glucose molecule but is slow?

Answer 41

Aerobic metabolism ## Footnote This process is efficient in terms of ATP yield but takes longer than anaerobic metabolism.

Question 42

What type of metabolism produces very little ATP per glucose but is fast?

Answer 42

Anaerobic metabolism ## Footnote This rapid process is beneficial during short bursts of intense activity.

Question 43

What is a byproduct of energy metabolism that can damage cells?

Answer 43

Acid ## Footnote Accumulation of acid can lead to cellular injury and dysfunction.

Question 44

What are macromolecules made from?

Answer 44

Lipids: Carbon and hydrogen (plus a little oxygen) Proteins: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen Carbohydrates: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ## Footnote Each macromolecule has a distinct elemental composition that determines its function.

Question 45

What is the main role of lipids in the cell?

Answer 45

Membranes (and energy metabolism) ## Footnote Lipids are crucial for forming cellular membranes and storing energy.

Question 46

What is the main role of proteins in the cell?

Answer 46

Perform functions of the cell ## Footnote Proteins are involved in virtually every cellular process, from catalyzing reactions to providing structure.

Question 47

What is the main role of carbohydrates in the cell?

Answer 47

Energy metabolism ## Footnote Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source for cellular activities.

Question 48

What does a cell need to have?

Answer 48

Intracellular fluid (ICF), Extracellular fluid, Water, A membrane, Na/K transporter, Lipids, Sodium, Potassium ## Footnote These components are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function.

Question 49

Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates are polar/nonpolar.

Answer 49

Polar ## Footnote The polarity of carbohydrates affects their solubility and reactivity in biological systems.