MODULE 2

Question 1

idiosyncratic

Answer 1

genetically based abnormal reactivity to a xenobiotic with no known cause

Question 2

noncovalent binding

Answer 2

most common reaction, reversible

Question 3

receptors

Answer 3

cellular proteins that normally serve as receptors for endogenous ligands

Question 4

stereoisomers

Answer 4

have the same molecular formula but can have different effects

Question 5

agonist

Answer 5

xenobiotics that bind to receptor and mimic the effect of the endogenous ligand

Question 6

antagonist

Answer 6

xenobiotics that bind to receptor and produce no effect

Question 7

partial agonist

Answer 7

xenobiotics that bind to receptor and produce a lesser effect than the endogenous ligand

Question 8

60% of all pharmaceuticals

Answer 8

G protein-coupled receptors

Question 9

endocrine disrupting chemicals

Answer 9

Nuclear hormone receptors

Question 10

orphan receptors

Answer 10

orphan receptors are receptors with no known endogenous ligand

Question 11

thiol groups are repaired by

Answer 11

thioredoxin and glutaredoxin

Question 12

three enzymes involved in DNA repair

Answer 12

endonuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

Question 13

fibrosis

Answer 13

results in excessive deposition (overproduction) of extracellular matrix proteins

Question 14

most toxic ROS produced

Answer 14

.OH

Question 15

ROS can damage cell membrane by a process called

Answer 15

lipid peroxidation

Question 16

Xenobiotic induced proteotoxicity that causes improperly folded proteins can be repaired by

Answer 16

heat shock proteins

Question 17

The two-electron reduction reaction that detoxifies quinones is catalyzed by

Answer 17

NQO

Question 18

motor vehicles produce

Answer 18

ozone

Question 19

cocaine

Answer 19

inhibits NE reuptake

Question 20

cyanide

Answer 20

inhibits cytochrome c oxidase

Question 21

botulinum

Answer 21

blocks Ach release

Question 22

fluoreoacetate

Answer 22

inhibits aconitase

Question 23

a-bungarotoxin

Answer 23

binds nicotinic receptors

Question 24

y-hydroxybutyrate/benzodiazepines

Answer 24

activates GABA

Question 25

dinitrophenol

Answer 25

donates protons to inner mitochondrial matrix

Question 26

Atropine

Answer 26

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Question 27

black widow spider venom

Answer 27

empties presynaptic vesicles

Question 28

warfarin

Answer 28

inhibits activation of vitamin k channels

Question 29

pentachlorophenol

Answer 29

causes protons to leak back into inner mitochondrial matrix

Question 30

rotenone

Answer 30

inhibits NADH-coenzyme q reductase

Question 31

tetrodotoxin

Answer 31

blocks Na+ channels

Question 32

chlordecone

Answer 32

inhibits ATP synthase

Question 33

CO

Answer 33

displaces O2 on hemoglobin

Question 34

paraquat

Answer 34

involved in redox cycling

Question 35

ethylene glycol

Answer 35

forms oxalate crystals

Question 36

OP

Answer 36

inhibits AchE

Question 37

DDT

Answer 37

overstimulates Na+ channels

Question 38

colchicine

Answer 38

destroys microtubules involved in mitosis

Question 39

PCB

Answer 39

AhR agonist

Question 40

thalidomide

Answer 40

poly g promotors decrease growth factors

Question 41

fluoxetine

Answer 41

inhibit Serotonin reuptake

Question 42

modifying factors of toxicity

Answer 42

Age: older mammals have reduced clearance of xenobiotics increasing their toxic effects Nutritional status: a high fat diet exposes individuals to a greater amount of legacy contaminants Disease: a persons with a a diseases affecting the liver will have reduced clearance, increasing the toxic effect of a xenobiotic Physical factors: mobile phone radiation may have cancer-causing effects Social factors: crowded and isolation conditions are known to increase toxic effects Sex: males and females have different enzymes involved in biotransformation which can lead to having a more toxic response

Question 43

OP poisoning

Answer 43

Atropine: muscarinic receptor antagonist blocks parasympathetic effects that dominate OP poisoning Pralidoxime: used to reactivate AChE Benzodiazepine: anxiolytic drug used to relieve CNS anxiety and seizures

Question 44

SLUDS

Answer 44

salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, sweating

Question 45

OP

Answer 45

OPs inhibit SChE causing massive overstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Parasympathetic system dominates during OP poisoning

Question 46

Apoptosis

Answer 46

Cell suicide Active Single cells Cell shrinkage Hours Normal ATP No inflammation Internucleosomal DNA cleavage

Question 47

necrosis

Answer 47

Cell murder Passive Cluster of cells Cell swelling and rupture Hours to days Decreased ATP Inflammation