Module 2 Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 divisions of the brain?
A
Cerebrum
Brainstem
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
2
Q
Ventricles
A
Cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluids
Contains: 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle
4th ventricle drains into central canal and contains CSF
3
Q
Meninges
A
3 layers of connective tissue that cover and protect CNS organs and enclose CSF
4
Q
Dura Mater
A
The leathery, double-layered outer menix
5
Q
Subdural Space
A
Below the dura mater, separates dura from arachnoid
6
Q
Arachnoid Menix
A
The middle, loose layer of meninx separated from the dura by the subdural space
7
Q
Subarachnoid Space
A
Beneath arachnoid meninx, contains blood vessels and is filled with CSF
8
Q
Pia Mater
A
The inner meninx, a thin connective tissue tightly attached to brain
9
Q
Cerebrospinal Fluid
A
-A special fluid formed in the walls of the ventricles from blood plasma to cushion brain & spinal cord, provide buoyancy, and allows brain to float
-Permeates through choroid plexus
10
Q
Choroid Plexus
A
- Formed from a network of blood vessels within the ventricles
- Produces CSF
11
Q
Blood-Brain Barrier
A
A diffusion barrier tht prevents most particles from entering the CNS tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation. It is formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to astrocytes. A stable internal environment is important to protect neurons from chemical variations which could cause uncontrollable firing of neurons.
12
Q
Cerebrum
A
The foremost part of the brain, 83% total brain mass, 2 large masses; left & right cerebral hemisphere
Responsible for consciousness and controls actions of the cerebellum by acting on sensory input via the thalamus
12
Q
Median Longitudinal Fissure
A
Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
13
Q
Left Cerebral Hemisphere
A
Controls the right side of the body
14
Q
Right Cerebral Hemisphere
A
Controls the left side of the body
15
Q
Gyri
A
Raised ridges of tissue on the surface of the brain
16
Q
Sulci
A
Shallow grooves that separate gyri
17
Q
Fissures
A
Deeper grooves that separate large regions of the brain
18
Q
Transverse Fissure
A
Separates cerebrum from cerebellum
19
Q
Corpus Callosum
A
A bridge of white nerve fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres
20
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
The outer portion of cerebral hemispheres, highly convoluted and gray in color
21
Q
Lobes of the Brain
A
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
22
Q
Frontal Lobe
A
Controls the higher level executive functions: reasoning & decision making, also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary muscle actions
23
Q
Parietal Lobe
A
Receives sensory info from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin for touch, pressure, and pain
24
Occipital Lobe
Interprets visual input
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Temporal Lobe
Has sensory areas for hearing and smelling
2 lobes on each side of brain
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Primary Areas
In each lobe that receive or send info for one type of sensory or motor info for direct processing
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Association Areas
Act mainly to integrate more than one type of sensory info for purposeful action
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Primary Motor Cortex
a.k.a Precentral Gyrus or Somamotor Cortex
A portion of the frontal lobe, controls voluntary motor movements for all parts of the body
29
Primary Sensory Cortex
a.k.a Postcentral Gyrus or Somatosensory Cortex
The parietal lobe receives sensory info from the parts of the body
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Association Area
Contained in each lobe, receives info from other lobes and integrates it into higher, more complex levels of consciousness
31
Broca's Area
Located in frontal lobe, responsible for speech production
32
Wernicke's Area
Located in temporal lobe, responsible for speech comprehension
33
Consciousness
Cerebrum is responsible for the state of being awake and aware of a person's surroundings
34
What is Included in the Brainstem?
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
35
Medulla Oblongata
-Contains vital life sustaining centers:
>REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT
>BREATHING
>Vasoconstriction
>Vomiting
>Coughing
>Swallowing
>Hiccuping
36
Vasoconstriction
Constriction of blood vessels
37
Pons
-Functions w/ medulla for regulation of heartbeat and has reflex centers for head movements in response to visual & auditory stimuli
-Contains bundles of axons traveling btwn cerebrum and rest of CNS
38
Midbrain
- Relay station for tracts passing btwn cerebrum & spinal cord or cerebellum
- Also has reflex centers for visual, auditory, & tactile response
39
Superior & Inferior Colliculi
- Control the head & neck in response to a sudden visual or auditory stimuli
- Located on posterior portion of midbrain
40
What is the Diencephalon Composed of?
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Epithalamus
41
Hypothalamus
- Maintains homeostasis and contains centers for regulating body functions:
>Hunger
>Sleep
>Thirst
>Body Temp
>Water Balance
>Blood Pressure
- Controls the pituitary gland and serves as a link btwn the nervous syst and endocrine syst
42
Pituitary Gland
Regulates body hormones of endocrine system
43
Endocrine System
Controls the body's hormonal production
44
Thalamus
Central relay station for sensory impulses traveling into the brain, receives all sensory impulses except smell
Roof of the third ventricle, last portion of brain for sensory input before cerebrum
45
Epithalamus
Mostly composed of the pineal gland
Forms roof of the third ventricle
46
Pineal Body
Secretes melatonin, regulates wake-sleep cycle
47
Cerebellum
-"mini-brain"
-Coordinates body movements, relays info to cerebral motor cortex:
>Maintains Balance
>Eye Movements
>Maintains Muscle Tone
-2 hemispheres w/ deep fissures subdividing into 3 lobes
-Contains outer gray matter & internal white matter
48
Maintaining Muscle Tone
The degree at which muscles remain partially contracted while at rest to keep bones and joints in place
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Anterior & Posterior Lobes
- Receives info from body trunk
- Influences motor actions of trunk, shoulder, & pectoral girdle muscles
50
Vermis
Intermediate portion of cerebellum, coordinates limb movements
51
Cerebellar Peduncles
Connects the cerebellum to the other parts of the brain, located on anterior portion
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Ataxia
Lack of voluntary muscle motor coordination
53
Cingulate Gyrus
(limbic lobe)
-Connects different lobes of cerebrum
-Deep to cerebrum
54
Hippocampus
Storage and retrieval of memories
55
Amygdala
A small portion of the limbic system that is involved in emotions such as rage and anger
56
Fornix
Bundle of nerve fibers: connection to hippocampus
57
Mammillary Bodies
Fibers project into thalamus that assist w/ memory of smell
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"Feeling Brain"
Since stimulation of different areas of the limbic system causes rage, pain, pleasure, or sorrow.
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Short Term Memory
Lasts only a few seconds
Ex: recalling a 7-digit phone #
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Long Term Memory
Lasts hours to years
Ex: recalling events of the day
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Basal Ganglia
- Basal Nuclei
- Responsible for coordination w/ cerebellum to regulate motor planning movements & motor learning
- Inhibitory effect on cerebral cortex
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Inhibitory Effect on Cerebral Cortex (3)
- Slows & controls precise movements
- Portion in charge of motor planning
- Relays modified plan back to cerebrum
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Parts of the Basal Ganglia
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus (medial & lateral portion)
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Parkinson's Disease
A disorder of the basal ganglia
65
Apraxia
Difficulty w/ motor planning, results in rigid movements and executing a motor plan
66
Spinal Cord
Abt 17 inches long, extends from brainstem to first lumbar vertebra; terminates at the conus medullaris
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Conus Medullaris
-Terminal end of spinal cord
68
Cauda Equina
-Extension of cord beyond L1, is a collection of nerve roots, ends at coccyx
-Spinal cord + Cauda Equina is how all electrical impulses travel btwn brain & rest of body
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The Spinal Cord is Protected by...
Vertebral Column
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
70
Meninges
3 layers of tissue that cover and protect brain and spinal cord
71
Spinal Dura Mater
A single layer sheath underneath adipose tissue
72
(Spinal) Epidural Space
Area btwn spinal dura mater and vertebral wall contains fat and small blood vessels
73
(Spinal) Arachnoid Mater
-2nd innermost layer that covers the spinal cord
-CSF is btwn arachnoid and pia mater
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(Spinal) Pia Mater
Innermost membrane tightly adhered to brain and spinal cord
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Filum Terminate
Extension of pia mater, runs from conus medullaris to coccyx where it provides the inferior anchor for spinal cord
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Spinal Cord has 2 Grooves
Anterior Median Fissure
Posterior Median Sulcus
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Central Canal
An opening that runs length of spinal cord & filled w/ CSF
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White Matter
Outer layer of spinal cord w/ 2 regions
79
Columns
Nerve fibers of white matter
80
Tracts
Bundles of nerve axons of white matter
81
Ascending Tracts
Fibers that proceed up to brain carrying sensory inputs
82
Descending Tracts
Fiber that proceed down the cord carrying motor outputs
83
Commissural
Fibers that cross over
84
Dorsal Root
Spinal nerve that carries incoming sensory (afferent) neurons
85
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Contains the cell bodies of afferent neurons
86
Ventral Root
Contains the axons of motor neurons
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Spinal Nerve
Combination of dorsal & ventral roots on each side
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Gray Matter
Inside the white matter; composed of a mixture of cell bodies of neurons
89
Gray Commissure
Cross over of gray matter, connects the 2 posterior & anterior horns
90
Anterior (Ventral) Horns
Contains somatic (voluntary) motor neurons whose axons serve as efferent pathways to skeletal muscles by way of ventral roots
91
Posterior (Dorsal) Horns
Serve as one of the afferent pathways from receptors by dorsal roots
92
Lateral Horns
Only found at thoracic level, contain autonomic (involuntary) sympathetic motor neurons whose axons serve as efferent pathways to visceral organs via ventral roots
93
Where is the PNS?
Outisde of CNS
Made up of nerves, apart of the somatic syst & autonomic syst
94
Somatic Nervous System
Contains nerves that control skeletal muscles, skin, & joints
95
Receptors
Exterior sense organs, receive environmental stimuli and initiate nerve impulses toward CNS
96
Effectors
Muscle fibers & glands that bring about a reaction to stimulus in PNS
97
Autonomic Nervous System
Contains nerves that control smooth muscles of internal organs and glands
98
Visceral Motor Nerves
Nerves in the autonomic syst. that have control over smooth muscles/involuntary functions
99
Cranial Nerves
- 12 paired nerves of PNS attached to the brain
- Do not intersect w/ spinal cord
- Connect muscles & organs directly to brain
100
Sensory Nerves
Have long dendrites of sensory neurons only
101
Motor Nerves
Have long axons of motor neurons only
102
Mixed Nerves
Have both long axons of motor neurons and long dendrites of sensory neurons
103
Special Sensory Nerves
Carry info for "special" senses: sight, hearing, smell, balance
104
Olfactory Nerve
- CN I - 1 - A
- Special sensory for sense of smell
- Only CN that is attached to cerebrum, not brainstem
- Originates in olfactory epithelium and terminates in olfactory bulbs
105
Optic Nerve
- CN II - 2 - B
- Special sensory nerve for sense of sight
- Originate in retinas of each eye & cross at the optic chiasm
- Synapse in the thalamus to occipital lobe to interpret info
106
Oculomotor Nerve
- CN III - 3 - C
- Motor nerve responsible for eye movement
- Somatic Motor : superior, inferior, & medial rectus (inferior oblique muscles for eye movement)
- Visceral Motor : dilation or contraction of pupil
107
Trochlear Nerve
- CN IV - 4 - D
- Somatic motor nerve responsible for movement of superior oblique (able to look down)
108
Trigeminal Nerve
- CN V - 5 - D/E
- Mixed (both) Nerve
- Responsible for chewing (mastication) and sensation of face, nose, & mouth
- Ophthalmic Branch, Maxillary Branch, Mandibular Branch
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Ophthalmic Branch
- Sensory Nerve
- Receives sensory info from forehead, eyebrows, and upper part of nose
110
Maxillary Branch
- Sensory Nerve
- Receives info from lower eyelids, upper lip, upper gums, & upper teeth
111
Mandibular Branch
- Mixed Nerves
- Receives sensory info from lower gums, lower teeth & lips, and from the tongue; hot, cold, pressure
- Motor portion controls the muscles for mastication
112
Abducens Nerve
- CN VI - 6 - E/F
- Motor nerve
- Responsible for eye movement innervating the lateral rectus muscles, makes the eye move outward; abduction of eye
113
Facial Nerve
- CN VII - 7 - F/G
- Mixed (both) Nerve responsible for facial expressions
- Somatic Motor : muscles of facial expression
- Sensory : sensation of tongue, taste on the anterior portion of tongue
- Visceral Motor : lacrimal glands (tears), nasal mucous glands
114
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
- CN VIII - 8 - G/H
- Special sensory nerve responsible for hearing & balance
- Travels through a hole in temporal bone called internal acoustic meatus
- Vestibular & Cochlear branch
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Vestibular Branch
Responsible for balance & equilibrium
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Cochlear Branch
Responsible for sense of hearing
117
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
- CN IX - 9 - H/I
- Mixed Nerve
- Sensory : taste on posterior portion of tongue
- Motor : muscles for swallowing
- Visceral Motor : parotid salivary glands
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Vagus Nerve
- CN X - 10 - I/J
- Mixed (both) nerve that spreads out widely in abdomen
- Responsible for digestion, heart rate, & sensation of digestive tract
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(Spinal) Accessory Nerve
- CN XI - 11 - J/K
- Motor nerve responsible for rotation of head and movement of upper shoulders
120
Hypoglossal Nerve
- CN XII - 12 - K/L
- Motor nerve responsible for tongue movements
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Nerve
Found in the PNS, consists of many axons wrapped together in connective tissue
122
Axons
Parts of different neurons, but when bundled together can travel to the same location in body
123
Ganglia
Clusters of nerve cell bodies in PNS
124
How Many Pairs of Spinal Nerves?
31 total
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
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How Many Roots in Spinal Nerves?
2 total
Dorsal Root
Ventral Root
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Rami
This is what the branches are called that spinal nerves divide into
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Dorsal Ramus
- Serve the dorsal trunk
- Carries visceral motor, somatic motor, & sensory info
- Sensory info from skin & muscles of the base
128
Ventral Ramus
- Serve ventral trunk
- Upper/lower limbs
- Carries visceral motor, somatic motor, & sensory info to and from body surface, body wall, and limbs
129
Nerve Plexus
A network of interconnecting nerves from the ventral rami; cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
130
Afferent Signals
- Received by spinal nerves
- Signal passes through dorsal roots, into spinal cord, then finally up to brain for processing
131
Efferent Signals
- Commands are initiated in CNS, where brain decides to make a move
- Signal is sent down spinal cord to appropriate level, then out ventral roots, signal carried via spinal nerve to appropriate destination to muscle fiber to enable voluntary muscular contraction
132
Dermatomes
A region of skin that carries sensory info through a specific pair of spinal nerves to spinal cord and up to the brain (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral)
133
Cervical Plexus
Ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C4
134
Phrenic Nerve
- C3-C5
- Most important nerve of cervical plexus, supplies motor & sensory fibers to diaphragm
135
Paralysis
Loss of motor function
136
Ventilator
Mechanical ventilation
137
Brachial Plexus
Ventral rami of sensory nerves C5-T1
138
3 Trunks of Brachial Plexus
Superior
Middle
Inferior
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2 Divisions of Trunks from Brachial Plexus
Anterior
Posterior
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3 Cords from Divisions of Brachial Plexus
Lateral
Posterior
Middle
141
Nerves from Brachial Plexus (4)
- Long thoracic nerve
- Suprascapular Nerve
- Pectoral Nerves
- Thoracodorsal Nerves
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Axillary Nerve
- Motor info to 3 muscles:
- Deltoid (muscle of shoulder)
- Teres Minor (rotator cuff)
- Long head of Triceps Brachii (elbow extensor)
- Also carries sensory info from shoulder joint
143
Radial Nerve
- Triceps Brachii
- 12 muscles of the forearm for wrist & finger extension
- Carries sensory info from associated joints & overlying skin
144
Median Nerve
- Flexor muscles of forearm
- Thenar muscles
- Sensory Info : skin on digits 1-3 and half of digit 4
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Ulnar Nerve
- Flexor muscles of forearm, wrist, & hand
- Sensory Info : skin on half of digit 4 & digit 5
146
Musculocutaneous Nerve
- C5-C7
- Flexor muscles of elbow
- Biceps brachii
- Brachialis
- Sensory Info : skin on radial side of forearm
147
Lumbar Plexus
- Ventral rami of (T12)L1-L4
- 2 divisions, anterior & posterior, branch into nerves to supply the pelvis and lower extremities
148
Femoral Nerve
- Largest of lumbar
- Hip flexor
- Knee extensors
- Sensation : skin on anterior thigh
149
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
Sensation : skin on anterior, lateral, & posterior surfaces of thigh
150
Saphenous Nerve
Sensation : skin from medial surface of the leg
151
Sacral Plexus
Ventral rami of L4-S4
152
Sciatic Nerve
- Largest nerve in body
- Supplies inferior trunk & posterior surface of thigh
153
Common Fibular (peroneal) Nerve
Travels laterally
154
Tibial Nerve
Travels along posterior surface of tibia
155
Autonomic Nervous System
A division of the PNS
Contains motor neurons that control internal organs and sensory neurons come from internal organs
Cell bodies are in the DRG for somatic sensation
156
Ganglia
Clusters of nerve cell bodies in PNS
157
Preganglionic Axon
- Motor neuron cell body located in spinal cord/brain
- This axon synapses w/ a second motor neuron located in the autonomic ganglion outside the spinal cord
158
Postganglionic Axon
After synapsing in an autonomic ganglion, the axon of the ganglionic motor neuron synapses on an effector organ in PNS
159
The Sympathetic System
- Thoracolumbar Division
- Contains preganglionic fibers from thoracic & lumbar segments of the spinal cord
- Widespread targets, cover large regions
160
Sympathetic System Roles
- "Fight or Flight" Response : muscles need steady, increased supply of glucose and oxygen, accelerates heart rate, dilates bronchi
- Liver breaks down glycogen to glucose
- Sympathetic activation inhibits digestion
161
Neurotransmitter of Symp. Syst.
-Norepinephrine (NE)
-Neuron : adrenergic
162
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
- Lateral Ganglia
- Located on both sides of spinal cord, contain ganglia for symp. syst. that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head, & limbs
163
Celiac Ganglia (3)
- Symp. Syst.
- Largest of ganglia
- Innervates the digestive tract
164
Superiomesenteric Ganglion
- Symp. Syst.
- Innervates small intestine and parts of large intestine
165
Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
- Symp. Syst.
- Innervates large intestine, kidneys, bladder & sex organs
166
The Parasympathetic System (3)
- Craniosacral Division
- Contains preganglionic fibers from the brainstem and sacral divisions of spinal cord
- More specific targets
167
"Housekeeper System"
- Nickname for Parasymp. Syst.
- Responses associated w/ a relaxed state:
> Pupil constriction
> Slows heart rate
> Promotes digestion:
~ secretion of digestive glands
~ smooth muscles of GI tract
168
Neurotransmitter of Parasymp. Syst.
-Acetylcholine (ACh)
-neuron : cholinergic
169
Ciliary Ganglion (3)
- Parasymp. Syst.
- Associated w/ CN 3
- Target glands: intrinsic eye muscles, which change the pupil and lens
170
Pterygopalatine & Submandibular Ganglion (3)
- Parasymp. Syst.
- Associated w/ CN 7
- Target organs: tear production, nasal glands, and salivary glands
171
Otic Ganglion (3)
- Parasymp. Syst.
- Associated w/ CN 9
- Target glands: parotid glands
172
Intramural Ganglia (3)
- Parasymp. Syst.
- Associated w/ CN 10
- Target Glands: visceral organs within thoracic cavity
173
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
- Head is moving and suddenly stopped
> head hits object
> motor vehicle accident
> sports
> falling
174
Brain Damage Locations
- Site of location
- Opposite side of skull due to recoil
175
Consussion
- Slight TBI, effects usually temporary but minor effects can linger
- Symptoms:
> dizziness
> brief loss of consciousness
> headaches - can linger
> no permanent neurological damage
176
Contusion
- Significant neuronal tissue damage
- Symptoms:
> unconsciousness (coma), can last hours to lifetime
177
Hemorrhage
A rupture in a blood vessel, causes blood to accumulate in skull
178
Intracranial Pressure
- The amount of pressure available inside skull
> limited due to enclosed skull
> rises after hemorrhage
179
Damage of Intracranial Pressure
- Damage & compression of brain tissue
- Forces brainstem down through foramen magnum
> damage to brainstem
> decreased control of heart rate
> respiration is lost
> fatal without intervention
180
Ataxia
- Impaired motor coordination
- Injury to cerebellum, smooth gait
181
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
- Stroke
- Occurs when blood circulation is blocked within brain
- Brain tissue dies due to lack of oxygen & nutrients
- Severity depends on vessel blockage
182
Hemorrhagic CVA
- "Brain bleed"
- Blood vessels in brain ruptures
183
Ischemic CVA
Blockage in artery from a clot (embolus) or fat deposit
184
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Small clot causes a temporary blockage in flow, resolves quickly
185
Stroke Survivor Symptoms
- Depends on part of brain impacted
- Paralysis
- Cognitive changes
- Speech impairment
- Emotional changes
186
Neural Plasticity
Undamaged neurons in surrounding area spread into the area of injury
187
Recovery for Stroke
- Physical, occupational, speech therapy
- Act FAST:
>Facial drooping
>Arm weakness
>Speech difficulty
>Time to call 911
188
Alzheimer's Disease
- Form of dementia
- Progressive degenerative disease of brain
- Results in mental decline, until brain can no longer control basic bodily functions, fatal
- Decreased brain tissue
189
Structural Changes of Alzheimer's Disease
- Formation of plaques
- Entanglement of neurons
- Lack of neural firing
- Leads to neuron death
- Spreads through all brain tissue
- Shrinkage of cerebral cortex gray matter
190
Stages of Alzheimer's
- Early: difficulty remembering newly learned info
- Mid: brain loss interferes w/ basic memory skills
>mood, behavioral changes (frontal lobe)
>disorientation to surroundings
>often stressful for caregivers
- Late: person has difficulty speaking, swallowing, & walking
191
What areas of the brain does the limbic system connect?
The frontal lobes, the temporal lobes, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus
192
Explain why emotional memories tend to be vivid
The involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories. The fact that the limbic system communicates with the all the sensory areas accounts for the ability of a sensory stimulus to awaken a complex memory.
193
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four limbs
194
Compression of the ______ nerve results in carpal tunnel syndrome
Median nerve
195
Compression of the ______ nerve results in the ulnar claw sign
Ulnar
196
Sciatica results from compression of what nerve?
Sciatic
197
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- a.k.a Lou Gehrig’s disease
- A rare neuromuscular condition that involves progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons
- Causes paralysis, progressively loses the ability to speak, swallow, and eventually breathe
198
Complete (or total) Spinal Cord Injury
- If the spinal cord is completely severed at any level
- Total motor and sensory loss is experienced in body regions below the site of the damage, even if the spinal cord is intact below the level of injury
199
Paraplegia
Lower limb paralysis, may occur if the spinal cord is injured between T1 and L1
200
Carpal Tunnel
Where the median nerve and the flexor tendons of the hand travel through
201
Flexor Retinaculum
A fibrous connective tissue band that forms the anterior roof of the carpal tunnel
202
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, causes decreased sensation in the first three digits and half of the fourth digit
- No treatment = decreased hand strength
203
Claw Hand
The inability to open the 4th and 5th fingers caused by flexion at the IP joints and hyperextension of the MCP joints in digits 4 and 5
204
Sciatica
Increased pressure on the sciatic nerve from the surrounding muscles, resulting in pain following the path of the sciatic nerve in the lower pelvis and posterior thigh
