Module 2 Flashcards
Historical Perspective of Pharmacology (115 cards)
1
Q
Drug classification: Acids / bases, steroids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, dihydropyridines
A
Chemical structure
2
Q
A bronchodilator and cough-reliever an active component in drugs for allergic coughing and colds
A
Epherdrine
3
Q
Therapeutic Classification: Category I
A
Disease etiology (anti-pathogens, antimicrobials)
4
Q
Is related to the phlegmatic or pessimistic disposition and the qualities of cold and moist.
A
Phlegm
5
Q
“Drouge” is a French word that means
A
Dried herb
6
Q
Malaria tratment
A
Quinine
7
Q
What the drug does to the body
A
Pharmacodynamics (p-dynamics)
8
Q
Federal Drug Classification: Evidence of fetal risk and abnormalities
A
Category X
9
Q
Crude extracts from plant parts that are soaked in alcohol to make a solution that contains pharmacologically active constituents
A
Tincture
10
Q
Is linked to the sanguine disposition or lively character and the qualities of hot and moist.
A
Blood
11
Q
A person with a choleric outlook has qualities of hot and dry, his personality is governed by
A
Yellow bile
12
Q
What plant contains Ephedrine?
A
Ma Huang plant
13
Q
Polypharmaceutical approach
A
Taking a number and mixture of medications
14
Q
Is the identification and preparation of crude drugs from natural sources.
A
Pharmacognosy
15
Q
What did Paracelsus advocate?
A
Opposed Galen’s polypharmaceutical approach and instead promoted the single use of drug rather than mixtures
16
Q
The compound name that describes the molecule using laws of organic chemistry; complex & atomic or molecular structure of drug
A
Chemical name
17
Q
Isolation of histamine from pituitary gland extracts
A
John Jacob Abel
18
Q
Arsephenamine
A
an arsenic compound he called ‘salvarsan’ could kill the agents of syphilis
19
Q
Isolated from Nux vomica; used in lethal injection
A
Strychnine
20
Q
A German bacteriologist and a Nobel laureate in medicine and physiology, specialized in hematology, immunology and chemotherapy. Known for staining and classifying white blood cells
A
Paul Ehrlich
21
Q
He described the route of drugs are on the bloodstream
A
Dr. William Harvey
22
Q
Food, Drugs & Devices, and Cosmetics Act.
A
R.A. 3720
23
Q
Are chemical entities, both endogenous and foreign or exogenous that interacts with biological systems
A
Drugs
24
Q
One who tests it for physiologic activity to identify a promising compound and documents the potential therapeutic effect.
A
Pharmacologist
25
Known to relate medicine and plant remedies for battle wounds
Greeks
26
Drug classification: Natural / synthetic (70% of drugs)
Origin of source
27
Squill (aka, rat poison) is used for:
Cardiostimulant
28
Therapeutic Classification: Category II
Specific disease processes (anti-histamine, anti-neoplastic cells)
29
Is the study of the interaction of drugs with living systems, also studies the effects of drugs and how they exert their effects
Pharmacology
30
May create/identify the candidate compound
Medicinal chemist
31
Federal Drug Classification: No evidence of risk
Category A
32
The isolation of active principle from tincture is called
Purification
33
Tests and investigates the promising compound.
Toxicologists, Microbiologists, Clinicians
34
A former student of John Jacob Abel who discovered cetylcholine (endogenous) from adrenal extracts
Reid Hunt
35
Those that link drugs to address illnesses with proper diagnosis and use of other medical advancements
Western Medicine
36
Isolated cocaine from coca plants
Friedrich Wöhler and Albert Niemann
37
For anti-fever and anti-malarial activities
Chang shan (from Dichroa febrifuga
38
Traditional Chinese Medicine practices
- Herbal medicine
- Acupunture
- Cupping therapy (ventosa),
-Gua sha
- Massage (tui na),
- Bonesetter (die-da),
- Qigong
- Diet
39
He isolated epinephrine (adrenaline) from adrenal gland extracts
John Jacob Abel
40
Our health is regarded to be affected by humors (humoral theory) of body fluids
Ancient Greece
41
Medical Act of 1957
R.A. 2382
42
His medical practice emphasized direct observation of patients and with medical translations also known as patient history.
Andreas Vesalius
43
The isolated, pure active component from natural products or tincture
Active principle
44
Leaves has alkaloid mitragynine, used for anthelminthic or antimicrobial activity; for diarrhea
Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom)
45
This has accepted medicinal culture with plants having phytomolecular structures of their bioactive compounds, prominently known as Oriental medicine
Pen tsao, Chinese medicine
46
Is an anti-mitotic agent and has profound effects on chromosomal arrests. Its drug can be used as an agent to control cancer cell growth
Colchicine
47
Believed to be the most ancient medicinal culture in Asia
Ayurvedic (Indian)
48
Muscarine
Acetylcholine
49
Is related to a melancholic disposition and the qualities of cold and dry
Black bile
50
Mostly correlated diseases as possessed or conjured by evil spirits. Kings who died due to diseases were placed in canopic jars that their souls are watched over by their gods.
Egyptians
51
The 4 body fluids are:
Blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm
52
Prepared pure crystalline insulin
John Jacob Abel
53
Pioneered antiseptic surgery and preventive medicine
Sir Jospeh Lister
54
The Father of Pharmacology
Paracelsus
55
What the body does to the drug (ADME)
Pharmacokinetics (p-kinetics)
56
Stimulant
Caffeine
57
Particular formulation by the manufacturer’s design; restricted to copyright holder
Brand name
58
The Greek god or Greco-Roman god of medicine
Aesclepius
59
Skull is opened to relieve the high intracranial pressure
Trephination
60
Is centered on the body's vital energy (qi) circulation and its channels or flow points are called meridians that is connected to the body organs and physiologic activities
The concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine
61
Medical inscriptions from
plants phytoactive compounds and their effects or indications for ailments.
Pen Ts'ao
62
Therapeutic Classification: Category IV
Non-specific manifestations (fever, vomiting, headache)
63
The Founder of Modern Pharmacology (neopharmacology)
Oswald Schmiedeberg
64
The isolated active principle prepared as ipecac syrup
Emetine
65
Deep-seated desire for eternal life in a healthy body (Mummification)
Egyptians
66
The Father of Medicine
Hippocrates
67
All reaction must contain the ff info: name of the prescriber or physician, office address, PR# (license #), PTR# (tax receipt #), client name, age, sex & date of prescription (Rx).
Pharmacy Act (R.A. 5921)
68
Therapeutic Classification: Category 0
Disease prevention (Vaccines)
69
An act to promote, require & ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use & acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by their (generic name) GN;
Generic Act of 1988 (R.A. 6675)
70
Health is Beauty and Beauty is Health
Ancient Greece
71
Experimental pharmacology still requires animal studies to further study the affect of drugs
Pre-clinical trials
72
A disinfectant used as a surgical instrument to prevent fatal consequences
Carbolic acid or Phenol
73
Drug classification: Vitamins, lipid-lowering agents
Physiologic use
74
Licensed health profession in which pharmacists (medication experts, Pharm.D.) provide information regarding medication to patients and health care professionals.
Pharmacy
75
What plant is considered as a cardiostimulant?
Digitalis plant
76
The Father of Chinese Medicine, also stated the use of marijuana as treatment
Shen Nung
77
Drug classification: Best classification
Therapeutic use
78
What was used for pain (analgesic) during Ancient Greece?
Opium
79
Cradle of Pharmacology
Ancient Egypt
80
An astringent (dry, puckering feel, i.e., alum, relieves wounds (like incised or cut) by constriction and binds them; controls release of fluids from the body) and analgesic (pain-relievers) actions.
Tannins
81
Drug classification: Replenish deficiencies in the body
Restoratives
82
A French doctor and physiologist who discovered emetine with Pelletier
Francois Magendie
83
He discovered curare (the arrow poison) acts at the neuromuscular junction to interrupt the stimulation of muscle by nerve impulses.
Claude Bernard
84
Therapeutic Classification: Category III
Specific disease manifestations (anti-diarrheal, anti-hypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia)
85
Pedanius Dioscorides
Published the 1st Pharmacology named: De Materia Medica
86
What plant is used for Indigestion?
Peppermint and caraway
87
Fever tratment
Cinchonine
88
Plants using their phytoactive compounds and even other drug sources to address illnesses and been used is called
Oriental Medicine
89
Was also known to extract urea from inorganic sources
Friedrich Wöhler
90
Federal Drug Classification: There are no animal reproduction studies & no adequate studies in human.
Category C
91
The dye Trypan Red was effective against
Trypanosoma parasites
92
Individual molecule belongs; official name; used as public domain
Generic name
93
He successfully isolated and described opium's (Papaver somniferum, poppy plant) chief narcotic active principle: morphine
Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner
94
Childbirth fever in pregnant women is known as
Puerperal
95
Drug classification: Anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive (HPN)
Function modifiers
96
What plant is used for Constipation?
Senna pods and Castor oil
97
Is a scientific discipline encompassing history, sources, physical & chemical properties of drugs including means in which drugs affect the biological systems.
Pharmacology
98
Pioneered in the treatment of sepsis
Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis
99
Failing health is a divine punishment from their gods and healing from illnesses is a gift from gods
Greeks
100
Drug classification: Anti-microbial, anti-chemotherapeutic
Anti-pathogens
101
Ebers papyrus, Edwin Smith papyrus, London papyrus
Egyptians
102
He co-discovered emetine (Magendie); strychnine and colchicine (Caventou)
Pierre-Joseph Pelletier
103
Is the study of poisonous aspects of drugs and antidotes
Toxicology
104
Inscriptions (Rx) include "SwnW"
Imhotep
105
Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972
R.A. 6425
106
Federal Drug Classification: Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus.
Category B
107
Leaves has high nicotine (cholinergic) for relieving high intraocular pressure and promotes lacrimation and production of saliva.
Nicotiana rustica (Tobacco)
108
In Ancient Greece the symbol of Medicine was:
A staff with a serpent around coiled it
109
Therapeutic Classification: Category V
Non-therapeutic use (anesthetic)
110
Is the application of chemical substances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease, or additionally, the use of drugs for the intentional modification of normal physiological & biochemical function.
Therapeutics
111
Roots are used for cathartic or laxative effect; skin ulcers; aphrodisiac activity; high atropine (anti-cholinergic) for autonomic nervous system (ANS) control
Podophyllum peltatum (Mandrake)
112
Galen
A great Greek physician who introduced polypharmaceutical approach
113
The snake around the staf in the symbol of Medicine is called
Aesculapian
114
For psychoactivity; can alter state of consciousness
Nymphaea cerulea (Blue lily)
115
Federal Drug Classificaton: Evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women maybe acceptable.
Category D
