Module 2

Question 1

adult learners are autonomous and self-directed. Adults have a different self – concept from children and most adults have reached a point of development where they see themselves as independent and capable of making their own decisions. If they come into a learning situation and have little or no autonomy, they may feel disempowered, and Knowles believed that this could have reduced the quality of their learning.

Answer 1

Self-concept

Question 2

adult learners have a wealth of knowledge and experience. Adults growing reservoir of experiences becomes significant resource for learning. Knowles believed that adults learn most effectively when they are encouraged to build on and develop their existing knowledge and when they are respected as people who already have skills and knowledge.

Answer 2

Learner Experience

Question 3

adults are most motivated to learn things that will them achieve specific goals. Adults will therefore learn most effectively when the benefits of learning activities are specifically linked to the achievement of life objectives.

Answer 3

Readiness to learn

Question 4

adult learners are relevancy oriented. Adults are most motivated to learn things they see an immediate use for, particularly learning which will help them solve a problem that they have currently in their lives. Adults will therefore learn most effectively when clear links are made between what they are learning about in “theory” and how they can use their new knowledge in practice.

Answer 4

Learning orientation

Question 5

Applying learning on the job, situational learning in various context, experiences, challenges, practice. 70

Answer 5

Experiential

Question 6

Coaching, mentoring, feedback, social learning, “buddy”systems, sharing, collaboration. 20

Answer 6

Social

Question 7

Programs, courses, e-learning, simulation, reading. 10

Answer 7

Formal

Question 8

Published experiential learning model

Answer 8

David Kolb

Question 9

Consistent with adult learning principles and conditions, It emphasizes the critical role of experience in the learning process – often times referred to us ‘learning by doing’.

Answer 9

Experiential learning model

Question 10

Try it out. See what happens.

Answer 10

Concrete experience

Question 11

Analyze the experience. View from multiple perspectives.

Answer 11

Reflective observation

Question 12

Connect ideas link the existing knowledge and understanding.

Answer 12

Abstract conceptualization

Question 13

Formulate a hypothesis. Plan action and test it.

Answer 13

Active experimentation

Question 14

Experiential Learning cycle

Answer 14

First concrete experience, second reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active experimentation

Question 15

• It is a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one.

Answer 15

Classical conditioning

Question 16

when a behavior is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again. If the behavior is accompanied by frustration, it tends to decrease. The law of effect is not necessarily universal as frustration sometimes lead to increased efforts to perform.

Answer 16

Law of effect

Question 17

re learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently. Habits are temporary structure because they appear and disappear. Because they are learned, they can also be unlearned.

Answer 17

Habits

Question 18

is the primary dynamic underlying personality development and acquisition of habits.

Answer 18

Drive reduction

Question 19

is a strong stimulation that produces discomfort, such as hunger. Hull believed that learning occurs if only a response of an organism is followed by the reduction of some need or drive. Dollard and Miller argued that reducing a drive is reinforcing to an individual, and thus an individual will behave in ways that relieve the tension created by strong desires.

Answer 19

Drive

Question 20

are drives associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism’s survival, e.g. dives of hunger, thirst and need for sleep.

Answer 20

Primary drives

Question 21

are learned on the basis of primary ones. They are the elaboration of primary drives. An example of this drive is being motivated to eat at one’s usual dinner hour or wanting to earn money in order to buy food.

Answer 21

Secondary drives

Question 22

any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response.

Answer 22

Reinforcer

Question 23

those that reduce primary drives such as food for hunger, water for thirst, and the needed sleep.

Answer 23

Primary reinforcer

Question 24

originally neutral but they acquire value when they are associated with the primary drives. For example, money is a secondary reinforcer because you will need it to buy food.

Answer 24

Secondary reinforcers

Question 25

automatic responses to specific stimuli. For example, all of us blink to avoid an irritant to the eye.

Answer 25

Reflex response

Question 26

refers to a tendency for certain responses to occur before others. If a response is unsuccessful, an organism will try the next response in the hierarchy. Learning involves reinforcing and/or rearranging the response hierarchy.

Answer 26

Hierarchy of response

Question 27

• Learning Process Four Main Conceptual Parts:

Answer 27

Drive, cue, response, reinforcement