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English Comp > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organization refers to

A

the way information is
structured and delivered.

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2
Q

Organization includes:

A

Audience (the readers)
* Purpose (of the text)
* A logical and coherent
presentation of ideas
* The introduction,
summarizing and
repetition of key points
* Transitions between
points given
* Consistency in
organization of ideas

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3
Q

The different types of organization are

A

Specific to general, or
general to specific
organization
* Chronological
organization
Organization
* Comparison organization
* Cause-effect
organization

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4
Q

What a writer uses to support her points:

A

Evidence
3 Types:
Data and information
analyzed by the writer
* What the writer generally
observes and perceives
* The citations the writer
uses (references and
quotations)

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5
Q

Types of evidence:

A

Findings (statistics, data,
theories, observations)
* Observation (informal,
formal, anecdotal)
* Authority (appealing to
experts, scholarly works,
organizations, etc. for
support)

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6
Q

__________ detail may cloud the
main point, while _________ detail may
overgeneralize and not be
clear.

A

Too much

not enough

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7
Q

The first sentence in the
paragraph which should convey
the main idea of the
paragraph, and the
subsequent sentences
should support it.

A

Topic sentence

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8
Q

The sentence that summarizes the main idea, usually at the end of the
introduction is called the ____________.

A

Thesis statement
Each subsequent paragraph should have its
own “mini-thesis statement”, called a topic
sentence, usually at the beginning of each
paragraph.

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9
Q

Reason (logic/logos), authority (ethics/ethos) and emotion (pathos) are ways to:

A

appeal to the reader

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10
Q

Language should not be
_________-biased

A

Gender

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11
Q

Transition word examples:

A

Addition: also, moreover,
furthermore, in addition
Introduction: concerning,
regarding, with regard to
Similarity: likewise, but the
same token, similarly
Conflict: however,
whereas, but, in contract
Transitions
Emphasis: even more,
indeed, besides
Condition: given that,
granted, even if
Conclusion: in the end,
lastly, to conclude
Summation: given these
points, consequently, on the
whole, in short

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12
Q

Consistency of point of view:

A

refers to the
consistency in the person or
pronouns being used:
Wrong: I like to go to the store.
You have a lot of things from
which to choose.
Right: I like to go to the store.
There are a lot of things from
which to choose (there are other
ways to write this).

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13
Q

Avoiding plagiarism is important for 4 main reasons:

A

To avoid plagiarism and to
be ethical in writing
* To be more convincing and
credible when writing
Use of Reference
Materials
* To provide a “dialogue”
when writing, a
conversation between the
writer and the sources
used. This reaction and
interaction gives the paper
more substance and
dimension.
* To give readers additional
resources for further
reading on the subject

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14
Q

Sources should be
documented especially
when they are:

A
  • Uncommon facts
  • Ideas that are original
    and unique
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15
Q

Sometimes quotations
are so well known that we don’t
have to cite them, and we may not
even know where they came from. Examples:

A

Blood is thicker than water.
The same can be made with
general statements:
Mount Everest is the highest
mountain in the world.

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16
Q

What should you do to make your paper more lively than if the paper were only
written from your perspective?

A

Document sources

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17
Q

Things that you need to be aware of when
choosing sources is:

A

Internet versus print
source
* Objectivity versus
subjectivity of source
* Relevance and range of
coverage of source
* Credibility of the source
and of the author of the
source
* Date of publication of the
source

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18
Q

Type of Source:

A

Is the source a primary
source (first hand source)
or a secondary source
(something written about a
primary source)
* Is it a peer-reviewed or
non-peer reviewed source?

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19
Q

Internet vs Print sources:

A
  • With a print source, it’s
    easier to find out who
    wrote it, and when and
    where it was written.
    Anyone can put anything
    online anytime.
  • With a print source, the
    publication process is
    more refined and strict,
    and more reliable. There
    is reviewing and editing
    involved. Anyone can put
    anything online anytime.
  • With a print source, it is
    less likely to be biased.
    Anyone can put anything
    online anytime.
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20
Q

Objectivity Versus
Subjectivity of Source:

A

Biased sources may not
be credible or convincing
* Evidence should show
an impartial viewpoint
* Look for language and
wording cues that offset
an objective focus

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21
Q

Relevance and Range of
Coverage of Source:

A

Is the source that is selected
relevant to the topic? Is it a
scholarly work about that
topic? Is it primary research?
* Does the source cover
enough information about the
topic? Is it too superficial, or
perhaps too complex?

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22
Q

Credibility of the Source and
of the Author of the Source:

A

How are the author’s and
the source’s credentials
and affiliations?
* What else has the author
published in this field or in
other fields?
* How is the reputation of
the source and/ or the
author?

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23
Q

Date of Publication of the Source:

A

Does the publication represent
the latest research in the field?
Are there a variety of
publications over different
dates? Does it matter?
* Does the field being researched
change constantly? Is the
publication true to the latest
findings?
* Is the latest research
necessarily the best?

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24
Q

Citation

A

When you integrate
resource material into a paper,
you cite a reference.

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25
References
This gives the bibliographic information of the source (author, title, publisher, date of publication, place of publication). Depending on the source, not all of this will be available.
26
The three main types of citations and referencing:
MLA (Modern Language Association) APA (American Psychological Association) CMS (Chicago manual of Style)
27
Different ways to integrate citations:
Lipperstein (2016) predicts that the number of world languages will decline by one third in the next half century. Lipperstein predicts that the number of world languages will decline by one third in the next half century (312-313). The number of world languages will decline by one third in the next half century (Lipperstein 2016).
28
Freestanding citation vs name of author used in text:
MLA Style Citation Lipperstein predicts that the number of world languages will decline by one third in the next half century (312-313). With the age of the Internet and other forces of globalization, it is predicted that the number of world languages (Lipperstein 312-313).
29
MLA Style Citation If there are numerous places in the same source that are cited, the page numbers are separated by commas:
With the age of the Internet and other forces of globalization, it is predicted that the number of world languages will decline by one third in the next half century (Lipperstein 108, 312-313, 376).
30
MLA Style Citation If there are numerous sources with the same information, the sources are separated by semicolons:
It is predicted that in the next 50 years, the number of world languages will decline significantly (Lipperstein 312- 313; Moore and Trowel 333; Toll, Nickels and Jonson 19).
31
MLA Style Citation More than three authors:
(Watson, Hammerstein, Blackstone et al.)
32
MLA Style Citation Organizations:
(Human Rights Watch); (Human Right Watch 25)
33
MLA Style Citation Multiple volumes:
(Henderson 2: 341)
34
MLA Style Citation Source within a source:
Dreggel sees that the number of world languages will decline in the next half century (cited in Lipperstein 312-313).
35
MLA Style Citation If a source quotes another source:
it should show with "qtd."in the citation, like this: "Hafferson explained that reason was "way too obvious, and beyond a doubt (qtd. in Keller 196).
36
MLA Style Citation Internet Sources:
If the name is not available, the article name or website can be used. If a website is cited, the domain name can used rather than writing in the entire URL.
37
Citation style used most often in style used in social sciences for scientific writing.
APA format
38
Citation style used by many in the humanities.
MLA format
39
APA Style Citation * In-text citation: * Parenthetical citation: There has been a spike in coryza cases among Boston area college students (Henderson & Hamilton, 2016).
Henderson and Hamilton (2016) pointed out the spike in coryza among college students in the Boston area. There has been a spike in coryza cases among Boston area college students (Henderson & Hamilton, 2016).
40
APA Style Citation More than one source:
There has been a spike in coryza cases among Boston area college students (Boyle, 2015; Henderson & Hamilton, 2016; Zoltan 2016).
41
APA Style Citation If there are more than two authors, after they are mentioned the first time, future references can be listed as:
"(first author) et al.", which means "and others" in Latin.
42
APA Style Citation For organizations:
The rise in acute nasopharyngitis is seen as typical this time of year (Department of Health and Human Services, 2015).
43
APA Style Citation In the case of a quotation citation:
"The anarcho syndicalist tendencies are baseless and unfounded" (Sully, 2011, p. 217). As Sully (2011) states, "Those anarcho syndicalist tendencies are baseless and unfounded" (p. 217).
44
APA Style Citation Say you have a source that sources a source:
Jackson (2009) sees this phenomenon on the decline because of diaspora (as cited in Wilcox, 2007).
45
APA Style Citation
If the internet address alone is given, is would appear like this: The seventeen thousand people that survived that ordeal are now resettled in different countries (http://www.diasporacheck.com/about).
46
Which citation style is not the product of a professional organization but is used for all types of writing?
CMS - the Chicago Manual of Style
47
CMS Style Citation For the notes and bibliography style, when there is a source used, there is a number at the end of the sentence, and the reference details are listed either at the bottom of the page (footnote) or at the end of the essay (endnote):
Ex. Dempsy notices this change across classes, from the rich to the poor1.
48
CMS Style Citation For the author-date system, the source is included, like in the APA style, with little change:
This change occurs across classes, from the rich to the poor (Dempsey 1997, 212).
49
APA Style Reference All the citations in the main text require a full bibliographic reference at the end of the paper in alphabetical order by the author's last name.
Ex. Book: Hasselstein, R. (2012). Dystopian Psychotherapy: A View from Across the Bridge. NY: Handel Press. In this case we have the author, the date of publication, the name of the book, the place of publication and the publisher.
50
APA Style Reference Journal article:
Hasselstein, R. (2011). Retribution Psychology in the Age of the Aftermath. Psychology Beyond, 21, 211-224. In this case, we have the author, the publication date, the name of the article, the journal, the volume number, and then the page numbers.
51
APA Style Reference Chapter from an edited book:
Hasselstein, R. (2016). Gathering Reasons for the Psychoallergenic Age. In P. Brottel and K. Mendelston (Eds.) New Approaches to Mind and Age (pp. 198-227). Boston, Fender Press.
52
APA Style Reference Organizations: Magazine article:
State Report on Children's Health. (1998). Suggested Standards for Adolescent Well Being. Baltimore, MD: Council of Youth Development. Levett, T. (2011, March). Arthurian revival. Contemporary Medievalism, 37, 98-110.
53
APA Style Reference More than six authors:
Pabson T., Averill B., Samson H., Heller U., Gregorian E., Tenill W., et al. (2009). Lesser harmony in an age of great change. Journal of Social Development, 22, 444-490.
54
APA Style Reference Internet sources:
Vatt, P. N. (2000). The ergative case. Retrieved 21 August 2001, from http://www.globallinguistics.org/ergativ ecase.htm. Also, for Internet sources the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL should be provided. The date for the final version of the page should be given, but if there is no date, then the date it was retrieved will suffice.
55
APA Style Reference Here is an example of the DOI reference:
Johnson, J. (1999). Facts and figures of the fears and fancies of a new century. Journal of Chronology, 17, 199-211. doi:15.3470/1077- 9947.56.2.991
56
MLA Style Reference The MLA style is similar to the APA, but has somewhat of a different format. Note the type of source (print, electronic, etc.) is put at the end:
Book: Hanscom, Roberta. Lapidary Poetry in Wartime. Minneapolis, MN: Hackter Press, 1992. Print.
57
Reference Style comparisons:
MLA Style Reference: Hanscom, Roberta. Lapidary Poetry in Wartime. Minneapolis, MN: Hackter Press, 1992. Print. APA Style Reference (for comparison): Hanscom, R (1992). Lapidary Poetry in Wartime. Minneapolis, MN: Hackter Press. CMS AD (author-date) Style Reference: Hanscom, Roberta. 1992. Lapidary Poetry in Wartime. Minneapolis, MN: Hackter Press. CMS NB (notes and bibliography) Style Reference: Hanscom, Roberta, Lapidary Poetry in Wartime. (Minneapolis, MN: Hackter Press, 1992).
58
Common abbreviations for bibliographic entries:
chap. = chapter diss. = dissertation doi = digital object identifier ed. = editor OR edition eds. = editors et al. = to list additional authors Ibid = a citation refers to the source just used n.d. = no date given n.p. = no publisher no. = number (volume, etc.) p./ p.p. = page/ pages qtd. = quote rpt. = reprint trans. = translator URL = Universal Resource Locator vol. = volume writ. = writer
59
Here are some types of reference materials:
Almanac - for facts, statistics and comparative information on people, places and events. Atlas – different types of maps Bibliography – list of resources and material Citations index – a list of citations for specific sources Dictionary – for the origin, pronunciation and definitions of words Directories – a list of people or organizations Encyclopedia – a listing of a wide range of subjects, with brief information about them Handbook – a lot of information on one subject Index – how to locate information on an item or source Thesaurus – a synonym dictionary Documentation of
60
The literal meaning of a word found in a dictionary.
Denotation
61
The figurative meaning of a word found in a dictionary.
Connotation
62
Parts of speech abbreviations
adj. – adjective adv. – adverb conj. – conjunction interj. – interjection modif. – modifier (adjective or adverb) n. – noun prep. – preposition pron. – pronoun
63
Grammatical information Abbreviations:
comp. – compound compar. – comparative compl. – complement dem. – demonstrative der. – derivation imp. – imperative ind. – indicative intr. – intransitive irreg. – irregular m. – masculine pa. t. – past tense poss. – possessive pl. – plural pref. – prefix refl. – reflexive sing. – singular subj. – subjective superl. – superlative trans. – transitive
64
Usage and Etymology Abbreviations
Amer. – American bef. – before Brit. – British c./ cent. – century ca. – circa (approximate date) cf.- confer (compare to another word) colloq. – colloquial def. – definition dial. – dialect etym. – etymology euphem. – euphemism fig. – figuratively Gr. – Greek Heb. – Hebrew IE – Indo-European L – Latin lit. – literally obs. – obsolete opp. – opposite phr. – phrase poet. – poetic q.v. – Quod vide (like cf.) rel. – related to rev. – revised sp. – spelling unkn. – unknown var. – variant of wd. – word

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