Module 2 Flashcards
(30 cards)
CYP450 inducers
St John’s wart
Phenobarbital
Tobacco smoke
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Many anti-epileptic drugs (except valproic acid, gabapentin, pregabalin)
CYP450 inhibitors
Grapefruit juice
Azole antifungals (eg fluconazole)
Macrolide antibiotics (eg clarithromycin)
Valproic acid
Drug elimination pathways
Renal
Hepatic
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal
Breast milk
Sweat
Saliva
Definition:
The highest level (the peak) the drug reaches in the blood after a specific dose.
C max
Definition:
Area under the curve (AUC)
The amount of the drug available to the target tissue (bioavailability)
Definition:
The time it takes to reach C max
T max
Definition:
The lowest level the drug reaches in the blood after a specific dose
Trough
Definition:
The amount of drug administered at one time
Drug dose
Definition:
The rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time.
Clearance rate
Definition:
The time the body takes to eliminate half the drug in the body at any time
Half life
Equation for therapeutic window/range
Therapeutic range = MTC - MEC
(MTC: minimum toxic concentration)
(MEC: minimum effective concentration)
Definition:
The point at which no more clinical response occurs with increase dose
Ceiling effect
Definition:
The minimum drug level in the blood at which most patients will experience the therapeutic effect
Minimum effective concentration (MEC)
Definition:
The minimum drug level in the blood at which most patients will experience side effects or toxicity
Minimum toxic concentration (MTC)
Definition:
The difference between the MEC and MTC
Therapeutic range/window
Definition:
The time it takes for a drug to reach its therapeutic effect (or the minimum effective concentration)
Onset of drug effect
Definition:
The time the drug concentration remains effective (remains at or above the minimum effective concentration)
Duration of drug effect
Definition:
The maximum effect the drug can produce, regardless of the dose.
Efficacy
Definition:
The amount of drug required to produce a given effect.
Potency
Definition:
The dose required to induce toxic effect in 50% of the patients
TD50
Definition:
The dose required to induce therapeutic effect in 50% of patients
ED50
Therapeutic index
= TD50/ED50
The bigger the therapeutic index the safer the drug
Types of adverse drug reactions
Augmented - predictable
Bizarre - unpredictable
Chronic
Delayed
End of use
Failure
Definition:
A decrease in the drug effect due to its continued administration
Drug tolerance
