Module 2

Question 1

Structural hierarchy of systems in human body

Answer 1

• atoms
• molecules
• organelles
• cells
• tissue
• organ
• organ system
• organism

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

“steady state” - conditions of the internal environment remain relatively constant regardless of changes to external environment

Question 3

Negative feedback loop

Answer 3

• stimulus - deviation from optimal condition –>
• sensor - detects the deviation ->
• control - decides what action is needed –>
• effector - actors that will oppose stimulus

Question 4

Molecule body uses for short-term energy storage

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

What system delivers glucose to cells

Answer 5

circulatory system

Question 6

What system breaks down glucose into smaller parts

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

Where is glucose absorbed into

Answer 7

• circulatory system (blood)

Question 8

Too little glucose in blood result

Answer 8

• hypoglycemia
• cell starve and unable to function properly

Question 9

Too much glucose in blood result

Answer 9

• hyperglycemia
• blood becomes thick and can’t go everywhere it needs to go
• extra sugars make it hard for cells to function correctly

Question 10

Organ that senses when glucose levels are too high or too low

Answer 10

pancreas

Question 11

What organ responds to deviation in blood glucose and how

Answer 11

• pancreas, releases hormones

Question 12

Small chemical messengers

Answer 12

hormones

Question 13

What happens when blood glucose is too high (response)

Answer 13

• pancreas releases hormone insulin
• insulin from pancreas gets into bloodstream
• helps glucose get out of blood and into cells that can use or store it
• blood glucose decreases

Question 14

How exactly does insulin lower blood glucose

Answer 14

• helps cells take up glucose by opening channels in plasma membrane
• tells the liver and muscle cells to store excess glucose as a molecule called glycogen

Question 15

Low blood glucose homestasis

Answer 15

• pancreas releases the hormone glucagon
• glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood
• blood glucose increases
• pancreas stops releasing glucagon

Question 16

Type I diabetes

Answer 16

• autoimmune disease
• the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin
• eventually no insulin is made
• usually appears in childhood- juvenile diabetes
• treatment: monitoring blood glucose; administering insulin

Question 17

insulin resistance

Answer 17

if cells ignore insulin, you get the same elevated glucose levels and symptoms

Question 18

Type II diabetes

Answer 18

• progressive disease
• begins with insulin resistance (prediabetes)
• muscle cells and fat cells in particular fail to respond to insulin
• these cells are really important for clearing excess glucose out of the blood
• blood glucose rises
• pancreas pumps out more insulin to compensate
• overtime compensation no longer works and homeostasis is lost
• treatment: decrease insulin resistance; lifestyle changes; insulin injections might help as part of a treatment

Question 19

cell theory

Answer 19

1. all living things are made of one or more cells
2. the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization
3. all cells arise from pre-existing cells