MODULE 2

Question 1

Q: What are primary sources in historical research?

Answer 1

A: Contemporary accounts of an event, personally written or narrated by individuals who directly experienced or participated in the event.

Question 2

Q: Give examples of primary sources.

Answer 2

A: Diaries, journal entries, letters, memoirs, speeches, interviews, photographs, voice and video recordings, official records, artworks, and artifacts.

Question 3

Q: What are secondary sources in historical research?

Answer 3

A: Interpretations or readings of primary sources, often incorporating the author’s personal insights and analyses.

Question 4

Q: Give examples of secondary sources.

Answer 4

A: Journals, articles, reviews, books, conference papers, and documentaries.

Question 5

Q: Why are primary sources considered original sources?

Answer 5

A: They directly narrate the details of an event without interpretation or alteration.

Question 6

Q: How do secondary sources differ from primary sources?

Answer 6

A: Secondary sources provide interpretations or analyses of primary sources, often detaching the original value of the subject being discussed

Question 7

Q: What is a common use of secondary sources in historical research?

Answer 7

A: To gain different perspectives on a particular topic.

Question 8

Q: Can secondary sources combine primary and secondary data?

Answer 8

A: Yes, secondary sources can include a combination of primary and secondary information.

Question 9

Q: Who conducted the initial excavations of the Tabon Cave in 1962?

Answer 9

A: Robert B. Fox.

Question 10

Q: What significant discovery was made during the excavations of Tabon Cave in 1962?
.

Answer 10

A: Scattered fossil bones of at least three individuals, including a large fragment of a frontal bone and portions of nasal bones

Question 11

Q: Where were the fossil bones of Tabon Man found in the cave?

Answer 11

A: Towards the rear of the cave along the left wall.

Question 12

Q: What was initially uncertain about the association of the Tabon Man fossils?

Answer 12

A: The association of the fossil bones with a specific flake assemblage.

Question 13

Q: What did subsequent excavations suggest about the fossil bones of Tabon Man?

Answer 13

A: The fossil bones were associated with Flake Assemblage II, as only flakes from this assemblage have been found in that area.

Question 14

Q: What is the estimated age of Tabon Man based on available data?

Answer 14

A: 22,000 to 24,000 years ago.

Question 15

Q: What needs to be done to determine the exact age of the human fossils from Tabon Cave?

Answer 15

A: Further excavations and chemical analysis of the disturbed and undisturbed levels in the cave.

Question 16

Q: What type of human fossils were discovered in Tabon Cave?

Answer 16

A: Fossils of Homo sapiens.

Question 17

Q: What did Scott’s preliminary study suggest about the skull dimensions of Tabon Man?

Answer 17

A: The skull dimensions of Tabon Man were above average when compared to modern Filipinos.

Question 18

Q: According to Scott’s study, was there any evidence that Tabon Man was less brainy than modern humans?

Answer 18

A: No, there was no evidence suggesting that Tabon Man was less brainy.

Question 19

Q: What will be included in the final site report for Tabon Cave?

Answer 19

A: A separate study of the fossil bones by a specialist.

Question 20

Q: Who is the founder of the Anthropology Department at the University of the Philippines?
A: H. Otley Beyer.

Answer 20

A: H. Otley Beyer.

Question 21

Q: What is the first and widely known theory of the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines?

Answer 21

A: Beyer’s Wave of Migration theory.

Question 22

Q: According to Beyer, how did the ancestors of the Filipinos first arrive in the Philippines?

Answer 22

A: They first arrived via land bridges during times when the sea level was low, and later by seagoing vessels such as the balangay.

Question 23

Q: What are the different “waves of migration” proposed by Beyer?

Answer 23

A:

Dawn Man, a cave-man type similar to Java man and Peking Man (250,000 years ago).
The Negritos, an aboriginal pygmy group, arriving between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago.
The Indonesian group, arriving about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, who were the first to reach the Philippines by sea.
The Malays, a more civilized group who brought Iron Age culture and were the real colonizers in pre-Hispanic Philippines.

Question 24

Q: What was the main criticism of Beyer’s Wave of Migration theory?

Answer 24

A: It was based on 19th-century scientific methods of progressive evolution and migratory diffusion, which have since been proven to be too simple and unreliable to explain the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines.

Question 25

Q: Why is Beyer's theory still popular among some Filipinos?

Answer 25

A: It is widely known and accepted, especially among lay Filipinos.

Question 26

Q: What is the alternative theory to Beyer's model for the peopling of the Philippines?

Answer 26

A: Peter Bellwood's Out-of-Taiwan (OOT) hypothesis.

Question 27

Q: What is the foundation of Bellwood's Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis?

Answer 27

A: It is based largely on linguistics, specifically the history of the Austronesian language family, and supplemented with archaeological data.

Question 28

Q: According to Bellwood's theory, where did developments in agricultural technology occur that led to migrations?

Answer 28

A: In the Yunnan Plateau in China.

Question 29

Q: What language did the migrating peoples from the Yunnan Plateau develop or already have?

Answer 29

A: Proto-Austronesian.

Question 30

Q: By around 3000 BC, what had started to happen to the groups speaking Proto-Austronesian?

Answer 30

A: They began differentiating into three or four distinct subcultures.

Question 31

Q: When did the first migrations southward towards the Philippines and Indonesia occur, according to Bellwood’s theory?

Answer 31

A: Between 2500 and 1500 BC.

Question 32

Q: By 1500 BC, where had some of the migrating groups reached?

Answer 32

A: They reached as far as Borneo and the Moluccas.

Question 33

Q: What migration occurred by the first millennium AD?

Answer 33

A: Some groups migrated east, reaching Madagascar.

Question 34

Q: Where did some Austronesian groups migrate west to, according to Bellwood?

Answer 34

A: They settled as far as Easter Island by the mid-thirteenth century AD.

Question 35

Q: What makes the Austronesian language group unique in terms of geographical distribution?

Answer 35

A: It is one of the widest distributed language groups in the world, with languages spread across vast regions.

Question 36

Q: According to Bellwood's theory, who are the ancestors of the present Filipinos?

Answer 36

A: The descendants of the cultures that remained in the Philippines while others migrated southwards and eastwards.

Question 37

Q: What does Jocano's Core Population Theory suggest about the migration of early inhabitants of Southeast Asia?

Answer 37

A: It suggests that there were no clear discrete waves of migration. Instead, early inhabitants were of the same ethnic group and culture but gradually differentiated over time due to environmental factors.

Question 38

Q: According to Jocano, where did ancient men migrate from Southeast Asia?

Answer 38

A: They migrated to the Philippines, New Guinea, Borneo, and Australia.

Question 39

Q: What does Jocano argue about the Negrito theory of the Philippines' early inhabitants?

Answer 39

A: Jocano contends that there is no evidence to suggest that the early inhabitants were Negritos.

Question 40

Q: What significant discovery was made in Tabon Cave in Palawan in 1962?

Answer 40

A: A skullcap and a portion of a jaw, presumed to be from a human, were found, with nearby charcoal dated to around 22,000 years ago.

Question 41

Q: What does the discovery of Tabon Man and nearby charcoal suggest about the Philippines' early history?

Answer 41

A: It suggests that the Philippines was inhabited tens of thousands of years ago, and that Palawan was connected to Sundaland during the last ice age.

Question 42

Q: What are the findings related to Callao Man?

Answer 42

A: Callao Man’s remains were discovered in northern Luzon and date to around 67,000 years ago, possibly indicating earlier settlement of the Philippines than the Malay Peninsula.

Question 43

Q: How does Jocano view the current Filipino population in terms of cultural evolution?

Answer 43

A: Jocano believes that present Filipinos are products of cultural evolution and migration, and that no single group (Filipinos, Indonesians, or Malays) is culturally or genetically dominant.

Question 44

Q: What is Jocano's argument against attributing Filipino culture to Malayan orientation?

Answer 44

A: Jocano argues that it is incorrect to attribute Filipino culture solely to a Malayan orientation, as cultural evolution has been more complex.

Question 45

Q: What does Jocano claim about the prehistoric populations of Southeast Asia?

Answer 45

A: Jocano claims that the prehistoric populations of Southeast Asia were of the same group, with a combination of human evolution that occurred around 1.9 million years ago.

Question 46

Q: How do fossil findings and the movement of people support Jocano's theory?

Answer 46

A: Fossil material found in different parts of the region and the movement of people from the Asian mainland during historic times provide evidence for the shared population of prehistoric Southeast Asia.

Question 47

Q: What do other prominent anthropologists think about Jocano's Core Population Theory?

Answer 47

A: Anthropologists like Robert Bradford Fox, Alfredo E. Evangelista, Jesus Peralta, Zeus A. Salazar, and Ponciano L. Bennagen agree with Jocano, though some, including E. Arsenio Manuel, prefer Beyer’s theory.