Module 2

Question 1

What does classical conditioning help explain?
A) How thoughts guide behavior
B) How reinforcement increases behavior
C) How emotional responses become associated with new stimuli
D) How moral values are developed

Answer 1

C) How emotional responses become associated with new stimuli

Question 2

In Pavlov’s experiment with dogs, what was the conditioned stimulus?
A) Food
B) Salivation
C) Bell
D) Hunger

Answer 2

C) Bell

Question 3

In the Little Albert experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
A) White rat
B) Crying
C) Loud noise
D) Fear

Answer 3

C) Loud noise

Question 4

What principle is operant conditioning based on?
A) Law of inertia
B) Law of association
C) Law of effect
D) Law of reinforcement

Answer 4

C) Law of effect

Question 5

What is positive reinforcement?
A) Taking something unpleasant away to increase a behavior
B) Adding something pleasant to increase a behavior
C) Punishing a behavior with something negative
D) Ignoring a behavior until it disappears

Answer 5

B) Adding something pleasant to increase a behavior

Question 6

What is an example of negative reinforcement?
A) Giving candy to stop tantrums
B) Praising a child for doing homework
C) Turning off a loud alarm by waking up
D) Spanking to reduce disobedience

Answer 6

C) Turning off a loud alarm by waking up

Question 7

According to Bandura, how do people learn through social learning theory?
A) Through genetic predispositions
B) Through personal experience only
C) By observing and imitating others
D) Through memorization of rules

Answer 7

C) By observing and imitating others

Question 8

What is vicarious reinforcement?
A) Learning by doing something repeatedly
B) Learning by watching someone else be rewarded
C) Learning by trial and error
D) Learning through direct punishment

Answer 8

B) Learning by watching someone else be rewarded

Question 9

What concept explains the interaction between environment, personality, and behavior?
A) Socialization
B) Behaviorism
C) Classical conditioning
D) Reciprocal determinism

Answer 9

D) Reciprocal determinism

Question 10

What are the three parts of the personality in Freud’s theory?
A) Conscious, subconscious, unconscious
B) Ego, morality, logic
C) Id, Ego, Superego
D) Drive, desire, defense

Answer 10

C) Id, Ego, Superego

Question 11

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable urges into acceptable activities?
A) Repression
B) Sublimation
C) Projection
D) Denial

Answer 11

B) Sublimation

Question 12

Which stage in Freud’s theory involves toilet training and control?
A) Oral
B) Phallic
C) Latent
D) Anal

Answer 12

D) Anal

Question 13

What is the main developmental task of Erikson’s stage ‘Industry vs. Inferiority’?
A) Developing trust
B) Gaining independence
C) Mastering academic and social skills
D) Exploring identity

Answer 13

C) Mastering academic and social skills

Question 14

According to Erikson, what happens during ‘Identity vs. Role Confusion’?
A) Formation of intimate relationships
B) Focus on career goals
C) Development of a stable self-concept
D) Coping with aging

Answer 14

C) Development of a stable self-concept

Question 15

What is one criticism of Freud’s psychosexual theory?
A) It is too focused on scientific data
B) It overemphasizes environmental factors
C) It is difficult to test scientifically
D) It completely ignores childhood experiences

Answer 15

C) It is difficult to test scientifically

Question 16

Front

Answer 16

Back

Question 17

Which type of study is best suited for determining cause-and-effect relationships?
A) Correlational
B) Observational
C) Experimental
D) Case Study

Answer 17

C) Experimental

Question 18

Which type of study involves observing behavior without manipulating any variables?
A) Experimental
B) Correlational
C) Observational
D) Cross-Sequential

Answer 18

C) Observational

Question 19

What is the primary purpose of a correlational study?
A) Determine causality
B) Describe individual cases in detail
C) Examine relationships between variables
D) Observe behaviors over time

Answer 19

C) Examine relationships between variables

Question 20

Which research method follows the same individuals over a long period of time?
A) Cross-Sectional
B) Longitudinal
C) Case Study
D) Experimental

Answer 20

B) Longitudinal

Question 21

Which method studies people of different ages at one point in time?
A) Cross-Sequential
B) Longitudinal
C) Cross-Sectional
D) Experimental

Answer 21

C) Cross-Sectional

Question 22

Which method combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?
A) Correlational
B) Cross-Sequential
C) Case Study
D) Experimental

Answer 22

B) Cross-Sequential

Question 23

What type of research focuses in depth on a single individual or situation?
A) Cross-Sectional
B) Case Study
C) Experimental
D) Observational

Answer 23

B) Case Study

Question 24

Front

Answer 24

Back

Question 25

Which theorist is known for developing the psychosexual stages of development? A) Erik Erikson B) Sigmund Freud C) Jean Piaget D) B.F. Skinner

Answer 25

B) Sigmund Freud

Question 26

According to Erikson, which stage is associated with young adulthood? A) Identity vs. Role Confusion B) Intimacy vs. Isolation C) Autonomy vs. Shame D) Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 26

B) Intimacy vs. Isolation

Question 27

What does Bandura’s concept of 'reciprocal determinism' suggest? A) Behavior is fixed from birth B) Environment affects us, but we don’t affect it C) We influence our environment just as it influences us D) Children learn only through punishment

Answer 27

C) We influence our environment just as it influences us

Question 28

Which learning theory involves associations between stimuli and automatic responses? A) Operant Conditioning B) Observational Learning C) Classical Conditioning D) Cognitive Theory

Answer 28

C) Classical Conditioning

Question 29

Piaget’s theory focuses on which aspect of development? A) Emotional responses B) Unconscious desires C) Moral reasoning D) Cognitive development

Answer 29

D) Cognitive development

Question 30

In operant conditioning, what is a reinforcer? A) A punishment that reduces behavior B) A stimulus that decreases response C) A consequence that increases the likelihood of behavior D) A memory trigger

Answer 30

C) A consequence that increases the likelihood of behavior

Question 31

Which research design follows the same individuals over a long period of time? A) Cross-sectional B) Cross-sequential C) Longitudinal D) Experimental

Answer 31

C) Longitudinal

Question 32

Which concept did Freud introduce to explain unconscious desires? A) Ego-centrism B) Operant behavior C) Id, Ego, Superego D) Cognitive schemes

Answer 32

C) Id, Ego, Superego

Question 33

Vygotsky emphasized the role of ______ in cognitive development. A) Genetics B) Biology C) Culture and social interaction D) Conditioning

Answer 33

C) Culture and social interaction

Question 34

What type of learning occurs by watching others and modeling their behavior? A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Social learning D) Psychoanalysis

Answer 34

C) Social learning