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NUR211 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What can HIV develop into without proper treatment?

A

AIDS

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2
Q

Where is HIV present in the body?

A

Blood, semen, and vaginal secretions

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3
Q

What type of cells does HIV-1 attack?

A

CD4 cells

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4
Q

What are common risk factors for HIV infection?

A
  • Healthcare workers
  • LGBTQ+ community
  • Women (19% of new cases)
  • Participating in unprotected sex
  • IV drug use/needle sharing
  • Blood transfusions
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5
Q

Name two opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS.

A
  • Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis (TB)
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6
Q

What symptoms are present during the acute phase of HIV infection?

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Fatigue
  • Night sweats
  • Headache
  • Sore throat
  • Ulcers
  • Muscle/joint pain
  • Lymphadenopathy
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7
Q

How long can the asymptomatic phase of HIV last?

A

8-10 years

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8
Q

What characterizes advanced HIV/AIDS?

A

Rapid decline of CD4 cells and opportunistic infections/cancers

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9
Q

What are some neuro complications of HIV/AIDS?

A
  • AIDS dementia
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Numbness/Tingling/Pain
  • Paralysis
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10
Q

What is a key method of preventing HIV transmission?

A

Education on safe sex practices and no needle sharing

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11
Q

What does the ELISA test detect?

A

HIV antibodies

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12
Q

What is Stage 3 of HIV infection characterized by?

A

<200 cells; Documentation of (<14%)

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13
Q

What do Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors do?

A

Inhibit the enzyme reverse transcriptase, blocking the virus’s ability to replicate

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14
Q

What should be monitored when using Protease Inhibitors?

A
  • Viral load
  • CD4 count
  • Cholesterol
  • Glucose
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15
Q

Fill in the blank: PJP is given _______ when CD4 count falls below 200.

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

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16
Q

What is the most common type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type 1 (IgE-Mediated)

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17
Q

What is a severe manifestation of Type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Anaphylaxis

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18
Q

True or False: Type 4 hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated.

A

True

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19
Q

What are common symptoms of moderate hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Urticaria
  • GI symptoms
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20
Q

What is the pharmacologic therapy for anaphylaxis?

A

Epinephrine

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21
Q

What are the four stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • Stage 1: Mild pain, Stiffness, Edema
  • Stage 2: Clear swelling and redness
  • Stage 3: Joint cartilage damaged, Bones deformed
  • Stage 4: Loss of mobility, Bone fusion
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22
Q

What is a common diagnostic test for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid Factor

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23
Q

What is the initial treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

NSAIDs

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24
Q

What type of lupus is characterized by involvement of multiple organ systems?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

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25
What is the most common cause of death in SLE patients?
Infections
26
What triggers the onset of SLE in genetically predisposed individuals?
Environmental triggers
27
What are early manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
* Fever * Malaise * Loss of appetite * Weight loss * Muscle pain * Joint pain
28
Fill in the blank: SLE affects the ______, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels.
joints
29
What populations have a higher prevalence of lupus?
Asian Americans, African Americans, African Caribbeans, Hispanic Americans
30
What is the leading cause of death in lupus patients?
Infections
31
List early manifestations of lupus.
* Fever * Malaise * Loss of appetite * Weight loss * Muscle pain * Joint pain * Systemic polyarthritis * Butterfly rash from sun exposure
32
What diagnostic tests are used for lupus?
* Anti-DNA antibody testing * Erythrocyte sedimentation rate * Serum complements levels * CBC * Urinalysis * Renal function test * Kidney biopsy
33
What medications should be avoided in lupus treatment to prevent sun sensitivity?
Medications that increase sensitivity to sun
34
What are some NSAIDs used in lupus treatment?
* Aspirin * Ibuprofen * Naproxen
35
What are common side effects of NSAIDs?
* GI upset * Bleeding ulcers * Nephrotoxicity * BP changes * MI/Stroke * HTN
36
How should NSAIDs be taken?
With food/milk
37
What corticosteroids are commonly used in lupus treatment?
* Prednisone * Methylprednisolone
38
List short-term side effects of corticosteroids.
* Increased blood sugar * Insomnia * Mood changes * Fluid retention
39
List long-term side effects of corticosteroids.
* Weight gain * HTN * Osteoporosis * Adrenal suppression * Increased infection risk
40
What is the recommended education for corticosteroid use?
* Should be tapered * Take in the morning with food * Monitor blood sugar * Increase calcium and vitamin D supplements * Report signs of infection
41
What antimalarial is used in lupus treatment?
Hydroxychloroquine
42
List side effects of antimalarials.
* Retinal damage * GI upset * Skin rash * Headache * Muscle weakness
43
What education is recommended for patients taking antimalarials?
* Visual exam q6mo * Take with food * Report vision changes * Report muscle weakness * Report hearing problems
44
What immunosuppressive agents are used in lupus treatment?
* Belimumab * Cyclophosphamide * Azathioprine * Mycophenolate mofetil * Methotrexate
45
List common side effects of immunosuppressive agents.
* Infection * Bone marrow suppression * Liver/Kidney toxicity * Nausea * Vomiting * Hair loss * Infertility risk
46
What education should be provided for patients on immunosuppressive agents?
* Avoid crowds & sick people * Report fevers * Report bruising * Regular blood tests * Avoid live vaccines * Use birth control
47
What are the risks associated with pregnancy in lupus patients?
* Preeclampsia * Eclampsia * Preterm labor * Unplanned C-Section * Fetal complications
48
What is neonatal lupus?
Red, raised rash, mild liver involvement, congenital heart block
49
What are the functions of the immune system?
* Protecting the body from foreign antigens * Identifying and destroying potentially harmful cells * Removing cellular debris
50
Define active immunity.
Exposure to a pathogen triggers antibody production through memory cells
51
What is natural active immunity?
Exposure to disease
52
What is artificial active immunity?
Vaccination
53
Define passive immunity.
A person is given antibodies rather than producing them
54
What is natural passive immunity?
Mother to newborn
55
What is artificial passive immunity?
Blood products/Antivenom
56
What are the different types of immunoglobulins?
* IgM: Primary immunity * IgG: Secondary immunity * IgA: Protects mucous membranes * IgD: Regulatory role * IgE: Increases in anaphylaxis
57
What percentage of children have food allergies?
8%
58
What is the most common autoimmune disease?
Lupus
59
What are the types of hypersensitivity reactions?
* Allergies * Autoimmune disease * Transplant rejection (Hyperacute, Acute, Chronic)
60
What are common responses to vaccines?
* Local reaction: Swelling, pain, induration at site, erythema * Systemic: Fever, fussiness, irritability, malaise, loss of appetite * Anaphylaxis: Life threatening
61
List some diagnostic tests for immune system disorders.
* Enzyme Immunoassay * ELISA * Antinuclear antibody * Autoantibody * Immunoglobulins * Polymerase chain reaction * Rapid HIV tests * Radioallergosorbent test * Skin reactions * Western blot test * CBC * Complement

NUR211 (1 decks)

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