Module 2 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What significant event occurred in 1480 in Iberia?
A
Isabel and Ferdinand, the Catholic Monarchs, began to rule Spain and waged wars on the Muslim holdout of Granada.
2
Q
What event did the capture of Granada in 1492 signify?
A
It ended nearly eight centuries of Muslim presence in Iberia.
3
Q
What was commissioned in 1492 alongside the capture of Granada?
A
The first voyage of Christopher Columbus.
4
Q
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) formalize?
A
Spanish control of lands in the Indies.
5
Q
Who was Pedro Alváres Cabral and what is he known for?
A
He is known for discovering Brazil in 1500.
6
Q
What is the significance of Amerigo Vespucci in the context of exploration?
A
He is known for exploring the New World in 1501.
7
Q
Which indigenous groups did Columbus encounter during his expeditions?
A
Arawaks and Tainos.
8
Q
What was the Navidad Settlement?
A
A settlement established by Columbus in 1494 in Santo Domingo.
9
Q
What did Ponce de León explore in 1513?
A
Florida.
10
Q
What was the ‘stepping stone process’ in relation to early Spanish colonization?
A
The order of colonization in Puerto Rico (1508) and Cuba (1511).
11
Q
Who was Hernán Cortés and what is he known for?
A
He is known for his conquest of the Aztec Empire.
12
Q
Who was Malintzín and why is her memory controversial?
A
She was a translator and advisor to Cortés, seen as both a traitor and a heroine.
13
Q
What does ‘La Noche Triste’ refer to?
A
A significant defeat for Cortés on June 30 – July 1, 1520.
14
Q
Who was Cuauhtémoc?
A
The last Aztec emperor who surrendered on August 13, 1521.
15
Q
What does the term ‘Malinchista’ imply?
A
It refers to someone perceived as a traitor to their own culture.
16
Q
What is the ‘Quinto real’?
A
The Royal fifth, a tribute system for the Spanish crown.
17
Q
What was the role of the Casa de Contratación?
A
It was the House of Trade for managing Spanish colonies.
18
Q
What was Juan Vázquez de Coronado’s primary goal in 1562?
A
To conquer the Chiefdom of Pacacua in Costa Rica.
19
Q
What challenges did Coronado face in his expedition?
A
Difficult landscapes, lack of resources, and resistance from indigenous groups.
20
Q
What did Coronado report about the natives he encountered?
A
He described them as lively, intelligent, and well-built.
21
Q
What was Coronado’s relationship with Isabel Arias Dávila?
A
He married her, securing powerful family connections.
22
Q
What did Coronado’s letters reveal about his expedition?
A
They highlighted the hardships faced and the potential for wealth in the region.
23
Q
What was the impact of sectarian conflict on Coronado’s mission?
A
It hindered social development and peace in the region.
24
Q
What does the term ‘reducción’ refer to in the context of Spanish colonization?
A
The relocation of indigenous populations to facilitate Christianization.
25
What were the consequences of Spanish conquest for indigenous populations?
Dispossession, loss of land, and loss of culture.
26
What were the main goals of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition?
Pacification and populating the land.
27
What did Coronado describe the province of Pacacua as?
Rich in resources with potential for gold mining.
28
Who was Juan Vázquez de Coronado?
A Spanish conquistador who played a significant role in the conquest of Costa Rica.
29
What actions did Vázquez de Coronado take regarding the Chorotegas?
He rescued them from Huetar captivity and returned them to their ancestral home.
30
What is meant by the term 'despoblados'?
Formerly inhabited places that had been destroyed and depopulated, usually by war.
31
What was the estimated indigenous population of Costa Rica in 1569?
Approximately 120,000.
32
What was the indigenous population of Costa Rica by 1675?
About 500 'Indios' paid tribute.
33
What significant position did Vázquez de Coronado assume in 1562?
Alcalde Mayor.
34
Which permanent Spanish settlement did Vázquez de Coronado help establish?
Cartago, founded in 1564.
35
True or False: Vázquez de Coronado's accounts promoted the idea of a peaceful colonization.
True.
36
What was one of the discursive techniques used to justify colonization?
Minimizing the level of administrative organization and social complexity of indigenous societies.
37
What did Vázquez de Coronado's references to 'despoblados' imply for land ownership?
Depopulated areas were seen as unproductive and open for colonization.
38
Fill in the blank: Vázquez de Coronado's letters often described formerly inhabited places as _______.
despoblados.
39
What was the impact of Old World diseases on the indigenous population?
Rapid depopulation, famine, and social disintegration.
40
What did the term 'frontier' signify in the context of colonization?
A discursive justification for dispossession of native lands.
41
What misconception did the Real Academia de Historia perpetuate about Costa Rica?
That it was isolated, poor, and had few Indians for labor.
42
What did recent scholarship reveal about the size of indigenous societies in pre-Contact Costa Rica?
There were nineteen distinct chiefdoms comprising over 400,000 individuals.
43
What challenges did the landscape of Costa Rica pose for colonization?
Mountains, jungles, and rivers made conquest difficult.
44
What economic practices were prioritized by Spanish colonizers?
Sheep grazing, sugar cane farming, and silver mining.
45
What was the primary goal of Spanish colonizers in terms of land use?
To produce profit and channel it to the crown.
46
Fill in the blank: The Spanish believed in the Roman concept of _______ which granted legal rights to those who improved the land.
res nullius.
47
What was the population decline percentage in Nicoya due to Old World diseases?
Upwards of 80 percent.
48
What was Vázquez de Coronado's relationship to Francisco Vázquez de Coronado?
Francisco was his uncle, not his brother.
49
What was one of the main reasons for the slow pace of development in Costa Rica?
The failure to find precious metals and challenging geography.
50
What diseases did Native people have no immunity against?
Smallpox, pertussis, measles, malaria, influenza, typhus
## Footnote
These diseases led to catastrophic social and demographic impacts on indigenous populations.
51
What was the impact of Old World diseases on Indigenous populations in Nicoya?
Rapid depopulation (upwards of 80 percent), famine, disintegration of trade networks, demise of religious practices, fragmentation of the chieftain system
## Footnote
This occurred between the 1520s and 1540s.
52
What does the panel entitled 'Indigenous Resistance' highlight?
The vigor and extent of native resistance to colonization
## Footnote
It acknowledges that indigenous societies had conflicts among themselves.
53
Who was Garabito?
A significant native leader, lord of Pacacua, and king of the Huetares and other ethnic groups
## Footnote
He resisted Spanish authority and was a symbol of indigenous resistance.
54
What notable event occurred at Tayutic in 1544?
Native people temporarily prevented Spanish control
## Footnote
This event highlighted indigenous resistance to colonization.
55
What was Vázquez de Coronado's assessment of Garabito?
He labeled Garabito as the biggest detriment to the 'pacification' of the province
## Footnote
This assessment shows the threat Garabito posed to Spanish efforts.
56
What happened to Vázquez de Coronado on his return voyage to Costa Rica in 1565?
His ship was wrecked in a storm, leaving no survivors
## Footnote
This event deprived Costa Rica of a significant Spanish leader.
57
What occurred in 1569 regarding Garabito's subjects?
They were distributed among Spanish encomenderos, with each receiving between 250 and 400 tribute laborers
## Footnote
This marked a significant loss of control for the indigenous population.
58
What was the fate of Garabito in 1574?
He was captured but spared execution and forced into exile in a reducción
## Footnote
He was later forced to submit to baptism and preside over a community named after him.
59
What does the term 'reducción' refer to?
A 'reduced' indigenous community set up under ecclesiastical authority
## Footnote
These were created to control and convert indigenous populations.
60
How did the Franciscans contribute to colonial expansion in Costa Rica?
They established reducciones and facilitated the Christianization of indigenous peoples
## Footnote
This was part of the broader strategy of the Crown to exert control over indigenous populations.
61
What was the demographic situation regarding Franciscans in Talamanca?
They had limited numbers, leading to local rule by Indian caciques in some reducciones
## Footnote
This allowed for some degree of indigenous autonomy.
62
What was the primary goal of the reducciones established by the Franciscans?
To concentrate Indians under colonial control for religious conversion and labor
## Footnote
This was a strategy to facilitate European farming methods and crafts.
63
What prompted the stationing of soldiers in Talamanca villages in 1700?
Growing hostility from natives toward the friars and persistent conflicts among indigenous groups
## Footnote
This was an attempt to maintain order and control in the region.
64
What was the outcome of the Spanish attempts at control over indigenous populations in Costa Rica?
Indigenous uprisings consistently challenged Spanish control
## Footnote
This resistance was a response to colonial dispossession efforts.
65
By 1611, how many natives were estimated to remain in Costa Rica?
Approximately 7,000 natives
## Footnote
This represented a 67 percent decrease from the numbers recorded in 1569.
66
What was the significance of the Talamanca region in the context of Spanish colonial efforts?
It was a territory of interest for Spaniards due to the presence of 'indios bravos'
## Footnote
This reflects the ongoing struggles for control between indigenous peoples and Spanish colonizers.
67
What enabled native peoples to frequently flee reduced villages?
A limited Hispanic/colonial presence
## Footnote
This allowed natives to oppose mandated cultural practices.
68
What was the strategy adopted by friars in 1705 regarding the 'reduced Indians' of Talamanca?
To move them to better controlled zones of the province.
69
Who led the resistance against the Spaniards in September 1709?
Pablo Presbere.
70
What was the goal of Pablo Presbere's rebellion?
To expel all Spaniards from the region.
71
What happened to all the reducciones established since 1685 during Presbere's rebellion?
They were burned within days.
72
What was the outcome of Presbere's rebellion in February 1710?
Presbere was forced to surrender, and many indigenous people were captured and enslaved.
73
What was the fate of Pablo Presbere after his capture?
He was tried, convicted, and executed.
74
What common fallacy about Costa Rica's colonial history is challenged by the National Museum?
The myth of rural democracy and the absence of Indian exploitation.
75
What was a significant factor that hindered development in colonial Costa Rica according to nationalist hagiography?
The lack of a significant indigenous population for encomienda labor.
76
What did historians claim about Costa Rica's colonial population?
Only a few thousand Spaniards settled there during its colonial existence.
77
What is the term used for individuals who received groups of Indians to Christianize in return for labor?
Encomenderos.
78
True or False: The encomendero owned the Indians as property.
False.
79
What system replaced encomienda as a labor institution in colonial Costa Rica by the early seventeenth century?
Repartimiento.
80
What was the main requirement of the repartimiento system?
25 percent of indigenous peoples in each district had to work for Spaniards.
81
What did colonial law restrict to preserve labor pools in certain areas?
Spanish movement in the colony.
82
What was the result of the 1709 rebellion for missionaries in the region?
They never established reducciones in that enclave again.
83
Fill in the blank: The colonial practice of _______ allowed the recruitment of indigenous people for forced labor.
repartimiento.
84
What did the National Museum aim to prove about the history of Native-Spanish land questions in colonial Costa Rica?
That it bent overwhelmingly towards the dispossession of native peoples.
85
What were the primary forces that altered the landscape of colonial Costa Rica?
* Requerimiento
* Reducción
* Encomienda
* Repartimiento
86
What were primary forces in altering the landscape of colonial Costa Rica?
Establishment of royal towns and dispossession of native people of their lands
## Footnote
Dispossession occurred through both forceful and legal means.
87
What was the outcome of the 1709 rebellion led by Pablo Presbere?
Cost him his life and prevented missionaries from establishing reducciones in that enclave
## Footnote
The rebellion led to a form of independence for native groups in the region.
88
How long did the independence enjoyed by native groups last after the 1709 rebellion?
For the next century and a half, until 1867
## Footnote
This was when the Costa Rican state began establishing effective authority over Talamanca.
89
What is the significance of the canton of Talamanca in present-day Costa Rica?
It is the heart of Costa Rican banana country
## Footnote
Banana was not an export crop during Presbere’s time but became significant later.
90
Which export crops were emerging in Costa Rica during the 1820s and 1830s?
Banana and coffee
## Footnote
Coffee was already deeply rooted in the Central Plateau by this time.
91
Fill in the blank: The arrival of new export crops in Costa Rica coincided with a resurgence of _______.
Violence, dispossession, and eviction
