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Year 11 Biology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

A single cell that must carry out all functions such as obtaining nutrients, exchanging gases, removing wastes, and reproducing.

First forms of life on Earth, can live in groups but each cell functions independently.

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2
Q

Define multicellular organisms

A

A community of cells that work cooperatively for the survival and reproduction of the organism, requiring multiple specialised cells with different functions.

Must communicate and cooperate to function as a single organism.

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3
Q

What are the two types of colonial organisms?

A
  • Facultative: Independent structures that aggregate together
  • Obligate: Zooids that vary in form and are dependent on each other for survival and reproduction.
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4
Q

List advantages of multicellularity

A
  • Energy efficient
  • Longer lifespans
  • Sexual reproduction and genetic diversity
  • Less vulnerability to short-term changes
  • Can grow larger due to specialised systems
  • Increased mobility and function.
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5
Q

List disadvantages of multicellularity

A
  • More energy required for survival
  • Cells dependent on the whole organism
  • More energy used for reproduction
  • Longer generation times for evolution.
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6
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated unspecialised cells that have the ability to differentiate into specialised cells.

Two main types: Pluripotent (embryonic) and somatic (adult).

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7
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process of cell duplication where two genetically identical cells are formed.

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8
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A

Transport of gases, mainly oxygen.

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9
Q

What is the structure of red blood cells?

A
  • Biconcave disk
  • Small and flexible
  • Thin membrane for gas diffusion.
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10
Q

What is the role of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers internal and external surfaces and performs various functions including protection, secretion, and absorption.

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11
Q

What are the four complex tissues?

A
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscular Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue.
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12
Q

What is the primary function of leaves in plants?

A

Source of photosynthesis, designed to absorb sunlight.

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13
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis?

A

6(CO2) + 6(H2O) → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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14
Q

What are the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

A

H2O + Light → ATP + NADPH + O2.

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15
Q

What is transpiration cohesion-tension theory?

A

Explains the upward movement of water through the xylem of plants, created by cohesion, adhesion, and tension.

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16
Q

What are factors affecting the rate of transpiration?

A
  • Number of stomata
  • Humidity
  • Temperature
  • Wind.
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17
Q

Define gas exchange in organisms

A

The ability to exchange gases with the environment, crucial for survival and ATP production.

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18
Q

What is the role of xylem in plants?

A

Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves.

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19
Q

What is the role of phloem in plants?

A

Transports products of photosynthesis around the plant.

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20
Q

What are the main components of the nervous system?

A
  • Dendrites
  • Cell Body
  • Axon.
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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The main function of guard cells is to open and close _______.

A

stomata.

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22
Q

True or False: Epithelial cells are specialised based on their functions.

A

True.

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23
Q

What did Jan Van Helmont conclude from his experiment with the willow tree?

A

The mass gained by the tree came from water, not soil.

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24
Q

What did Joseph Priestly discover about plants?

A

Plants produce a gas that supports life, which we know as oxygen.

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25
What is the primary purpose of the dermal tissue in plants?
Protects plant tissue and prevents water loss.
26
What is the primary mechanism for gas exchange in cells?
Diffusion across a moist cell membrane
27
What must oxygen do before crossing the cell membrane?
Dissolve in the layer of extracellular fluid
28
What are the requirements for efficient gas exchange surfaces?
Large surface area, thin structure, and a material that gases can pass through easily
29
What is the role of energy in the ventilation of respiratory surfaces?
Energy is required to ventilate the respiratory surface and circulate blood
30
What triggers the opening of stomata?
Light
31
What occurs when guard cells become flaccid?
Closing of stomata, preventing water and gas from leaving the leaf
32
What are alveoli?
Tiny balloon-shaped structures where gas exchange takes place
33
What is the function of the diaphragm in breathing?
Aids in expanding and contracting the chest cavity
34
What are the advantages of human lungs?
* Large surface area to volume ratio * Enclosed respiratory surface provides protection * Requires less energy than breathing in water * Transport system reduces diffusion distance
35
What is a disadvantage of human lungs?
Prone to infection and major site of water loss
36
What type of gas exchange system do fish have?
Gills
37
What are gill filaments?
Folds in the gill tissue that increase surface area
38
What is the process of gas exchange in fish?
Water passes over gill filaments where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream
39
What is an advantage of fish gills?
* Large surface area * Short diffusion distance * Efficient ventilation with counter current flow * Moist gas exchange surface
40
What is a disadvantage of fish gills?
System is only efficient in water
41
What is the tracheal system in insects?
A network of air-filled tubes delivering O2 directly to tissues
42
What are spiracles?
Small openings allowing air to enter the tracheal system
43
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
Breakdown of food into smaller, soluble molecules
44
What is absorption in digestion?
Basic units of food are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream
45
What are the three main types of digestive enzymes?
* Amylase * Protease * Lipase
46
What is the role of bile in digestion?
Emulsifies lipids, aiding their digestion and absorption
47
What occurs in the small intestine?
Absorption of breakdown products of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
48
What is peristalsis?
Involuntary muscle movement that moves food through the digestive tract
49
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Delivers blood to different parts of the body
50
What are the two circulation pathways?
* Pulmonary Circulation * Systematic Circulation
51
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Oxygen transport and carbon dioxide removal
52
What do platelets do?
Clot blood
53
What is the main component of plasma?
90% water and 10% proteins
54
What are the functions of arteries?
Transport blood away from the heart at high pressures
55
What is the structure of capillaries?
Very small diameter with thin walls for material exchange
56
What is the main disadvantage of the insect tracheal system?
Limits insect size due to reliance on diffusion
57
What is egestion?
Elimination of undigested food as waste
58
What is assimilation in the digestive process?
End products of digestion built into useful substances
59
What types of molecules can diffuse directly through the membrane?
Lipids and lipid soluble molecules ## Footnote These molecules can pass through the lipid bilayer without the need for transport proteins.
60
How do glucose, amino acids, and ions move through the membrane?
They use transporters to move through specific channels via facilitated diffusion ## Footnote This process requires specific proteins to assist in the movement of these molecules across the membrane.
61
What are the types of pores through which larger molecules can leave cells?
Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal pores ## Footnote These pores vary in size and permeability, allowing different substances to pass through.
62
What drives filtration out of capillaries?
Osmotic pressure ## Footnote This pressure is due to blood pushing outwards on the capillary walls.
63
What is the difference between filtration and reabsorption in capillaries?
Filtration is movement out of capillaries; reabsorption is movement into capillaries ## Footnote Both processes are influenced by osmotic pressure.
64
What is the state of blood in relation to extracellular fluid?
Blood is hypertonic compared to extracellular fluid ## Footnote This means that water tends to move into the blood, creating inward pressure on capillaries.
65
What is the primary distinction between open and closed transport systems?
A closed system has vessels only; an open system allows fluid to leave vessels ## Footnote This defines how the circulatory system functions in different organisms.
66
What characterizes a closed circulatory system?
Transport fluid flows in vessels only, with a central heart pumping blood ## Footnote This system is energy-intensive and is found in all vertebrates.
67
What types of hearts do different vertebrates have?
Fish: two-chambered; Amphibians: three-chambered; Birds/Mammals: four-chambered ## Footnote The number of chambers in the heart affects the efficiency of blood circulation.
68
How does blood flow in fish compared to amphibians and reptiles?
Fish have a single circuit; amphibians and reptiles have two circuits ## Footnote This affects how oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is managed in these animals.
69
What is unique about an open circulatory system?
It circulates haemolymph with direct contact to body cells ## Footnote This system requires less energy but is less efficient in nutrient transport.
70
What functions does the lymphatic system serve?
Maintaining body fluid levels, absorbing digestive fats, and assisting the immune system ## Footnote This system plays a crucial role in fluid balance and immune response.
71
What is the pulmonary circuit?
Blood flows from heart to lungs and back, under lower pressure ## Footnote This circuit is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs.
72
What is the systematic circuit?
Blood flows from the heart to the body and back, under higher pressure ## Footnote This circuit supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
73
What happens to blood in the kidneys?
Excess water and salts are removed, and nitrogenous wastes are filtered out ## Footnote The kidneys play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis.
74
What is the role of the intestines in blood circulation?
Collects products of digestion and absorbs water, salts, and vitamins ## Footnote This process raises levels of glucose, lipids, and amino acids in the blood.
75
What function does the liver serve regarding glucose?
Regulates blood glucose levels by converting excess glucose to glycogen ## Footnote The liver is crucial for metabolic regulation.
76
What are sieve-tube elements in phloem?
Long, thin cells that lack nuclei and facilitate sugar flow ## Footnote They are essential for the transport of nutrients in plants.
77
What are companion cells in the phloem?
Specialized cells that assist in loading and unloading nutrients ## Footnote These cells have large nuclei and abundant mitochondria.
78
What is translocation in the context of plants?
The process of carrying sugars through the vascular system ## Footnote This is driven by the source-sink theory and is essential for plant energy distribution.
79
What is the source-sink theory?
Describes the movement of sugars from production sources to usage regions due to a pressure gradient ## Footnote This theory is fundamental to understanding how plants distribute nutrients.
80
What is phloem loading?
Active transport of sugars to the phloem's sieve tube elements ## Footnote This process is vital for creating a pressure gradient in plants.
81
What drives the flow of sugars in the phloem?
Positive pressure from water entering the phloem from the xylem ## Footnote This turgor pressure propels sugars towards sink tissues.
82
How is phloem unloading achieved?
Through active transport or passive diffusion, depending on sink tissue needs ## Footnote This flexibility allows plants to manage nutrient distribution effectively.
83
What occurs when sugars exit the phloem at sink tissues?
An osmotic gradient is created, pulling water out of sieve cells ## Footnote This process helps return water to the xylem.

Year 11 Biology (2 decks)

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