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Microbiology I > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

3 basic shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci
Rods/bacilli
Spirilla

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2
Q

Characteristic arrangements of cocci

A 
Chains
Clusters
Pairs/diplococci
Tetrads (groups of 4)
Sarcinae (cubes of 8)
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3
Q

Characteristic arrangements of rods

A

Palisades (lying in sheets on top of each other)
Acute angles (bacteria snap at point of division)
Chaining

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4
Q

Involution forms of bacteria

A

Dead, degenerating, or dying bacteria

May be the result of antibiotic treatment

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5
Q

Colonial morphology of bacteria

A

The macroscopic appearance of bacterial colonies on agar plates, after incubation

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6
Q

Cellular morphology of bacteria

A

Morphological characteristics seen on a stained slide under the microscope
Can include size, shape, and arrangement

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7
Q

Monotrichous

A

One flagella (directional movement)

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8
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Tuft of flagella (up to 6)

Directional movement

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9
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagella on both ends

Spinning/tumbling movement

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10
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella all around the bacterium

Spinning/tumbling movement

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11
Q

Atrichous

A

No flagella

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12
Q

One flagella

A

Monotrichous

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13
Q

Tuft of flagella

A

Lophotrichous

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14
Q

Flagella on both ends

A

Amphitrichous

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15
Q

Flagella all around the organism

A

Peritrichous

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16
Q

Flagella are found on what shapes of bacteria

A

Some rods and spirilla, NOT on cocci

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17
Q

2 methods of detecting motility of bacteria

A

Slide motility - look at liquid culture microscopically

Motility media - inoculate a soft medium

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18
Q

Brownian movement

A

May be confused with bacterial motility
Caused by molecules of saline moving against the bacteria
Bacteria appear to vibrate or jiggle in a limited area

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19
Q

Drifting/streaming

A

May be confused with bacterial motility

Everything moves in direction with the flow of the liquid

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20
Q

2 motility media methods

A

Plate method

Tube method - most common

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21
Q

Glycocalyx

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A

Viscous layer excreted from the cell

Usually composed of polysaccharide but may also be polypeptide

22
Q

Bacterial capsule

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A

Glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall

23
Q

Bacterial slime layer

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A

Glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

24
Q

Functions of a bacterial capsule

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A

Interferes with phagocytosis, which makes them more virulent
May provide a protective layer
May allow bacteria to attach to certain surfaces

25
Capsule staining
``` India ink (Nigrosin) stain Capsule would appear as clear halo ```
26
Cell wall
Rigid layer immediately outside the plasma membrane that is responsible for the shape of the cell and protects the underlying plasma membrane
27
Strengthening substance of the bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycan | Layer is thicker in Gram positive bacteria
28
Gram positive bacteria
Stains purple Has a thick layer of peptidoglycan that absorbs Crystal violet Contain techoic acids
29
Gram negative bacteria
Stains pink Has a thin layer of peptidoglycan Outside of the peptidoglycan layer is another phospholipid membrane with lipopolysaccharide protrusions
30
Lysozyme
An enzyme found in many body fluids that can break bonds between sugars in peptidoglycan (can destroy the bacterial cell wall)
31
Which type of bacteria is more susceptible to be destroyed by penicillins and lysozymes and why?
Gram positive bacteria because the peptidoglycan layer is exposed, making it an easier site for attack by penicillins and lysozymes
32
Protoplast
Gram positive cell that has lost the cell wall (still surrounded by a membrane)
33
Spheroplast
Gram negative cell whose cell wall has been lysed (some of the outer membrane remains attached)
34
Who invented the Gram stain and when?
Hans Christian Gram in 1884
35
Chromosome in bacteria
Folded into a tight mass that occupies 12-25% of the cytoplasm No nuclear membrane or envelope
36
Plasmids
Extra chromosomal pieces of genetic material in bacteria Carry genetic information not usually essential for survival of the cell May replicate independent of the chromosome and can be gained or lost without harming the bacterium
37
Plasmids carry the genetic information for what?
1. Resistance to antibiotics 2. Transfer of resistance factors from one bacterial cell to another 3. Allows bacteria to decompose complex organic compounds 4. Production of toxin harmful to host cells 5. Allowing bacteria to mate and exchange genetic information
38
Fimbriae
Non-flagellar hair-like structures Usually found uniformly over the entire cell surface (bristle-like Allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces, other bacteria, hard and soft surfaces, mammalian cells
39
Pili
Usually longer than fimbriae and only one or two per cell, found in GN bacteria Form the connection between two cells during conjugation when DNA is moving between cells (sex pili)
40
What is it called when rods "snap at the point of division"
Acute angles
41
Only type of bacteria that can produce spores
Gram positive rods
42
Functions of spores
Enable bacteria to resist adverse conditions
43
Ribosomes in bacteria
Free ribosomes 2 small units- 50S and 30S subunits that join together to form 70S ribosomes Function: protein synthesis
44
4 types of inclusions in bacteria
Volutin / metachromatic granules Polysaccharide granules Lipid inclusions Sulfur granules
45
Volutin / metachromatic granules
Phosphate storage for ATP
46
Fixation accomplishes:
Fixes or sticks bacteria to the slide Kills most vegetative bacteria but not spores Makes cells more permeable to stain Prevents autolysis or changes in cells
47
Isotonic solution concentration to bacterial cells
0.85% saline
48
When making prep for capsule detection, shrinkage can best be avoided by:
Examining a wet prep
49
Bacterial cell structure inside of the cell wall, which regulates transport of nutrients into and waste out of the cell
Carrier protein / cell membrane
50
PMN cells (neutrophils), when Gram stained properly, are what colour?
Reddish
51
Tetrads
Cocci divide in two planes at right angles to form groups of four
52
Sarcinae
Cocci divide in three planes at right angles to form cubes of eight

Microbiology I (11 decks)

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