Module 2-5

Question 3

differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 3

eukaryotes:
-linear chromosome
-membrane enclosed organelles
prokaryotes:
-single circular chromosome
-no membrane-enclosed organelles

Question 4

what are the four main macromolecules

Answer 4

-lipids
-carbohydrates
-proteins
-nucleic acids

Question 5

what is binomal nomenclature

Question 6

define autotrophs

Question 7

define heterotrophs

Question 8

what are aerobic organisms

Question 9

what are anaerobic organisms

Question 10

what is a chemotroph

Question 11

what is a phototroph

Question 12

what are extremophiles

Question 13

in what ways can prokaryotes be identified

Answer 13

-by it’s shape (cocci, bacilli, spirilli)

Question 14

gram positive bacteria features

Question 15

gram negative bacteria features

Question 16

draw a diagram of a prokaryotic cell

Question 17

draw a diagram of a eukaryotic plant cell

Question 18

draw a diagram of a eukaryotic animal cell

Question 19

what is an endospore

Answer 19

created when a gram posivitve bacteria undergoes unequal cell division under adverse conditions.
the result is a dormant and highly stable cell called an endospore.
in favppourable conditions the endospore rehyxdrates and germenates

Question 20

define pathenogenic bacteria

Answer 20

bacteria that causes disease

Question 21

define oppertunistic bacteria

Answer 21

bacteria that only causes disease when the host’s immune system is compromised

Question 22

in what ways do bacteria cause the symptoms of disease

Answer 22

through the release of endotoxins or exotoxins

Question 23

define pathogens

Answer 23

disasese casuong agents

Question 24

what is penicillin and how does it (and similar antibiotics) work

Answer 24

-penicillin was the first atibiotic discovered.
-it inhibits the enzyme that creates the crosslinks between the sugar annd peptide chains preventng the peptidoglycan chains from having structural integrity

Question 25

what is aboitic nitrogen fixation

Question 26

what is biotic nitrogen fixation

Question 27

how is nitrogen fixation relevant to eukarya

Question 28

name the domains of life

Answer 28

-Eukarya -Archaea -Bacteria

Question 29

describe the evolutonary history of prokaryotes

Question 30

name and define the different kinds of extremophiles

Answer 30

-acidophiles ( pH of 3 or less) -alkaliphiles (pH of 9 or more) -thermophiles (60-80 degrees Celsius) -hyperthermophiles (80-122 degrees Celsius) -psychrophiles ((-15)-10 degrees Celsius) -halophiles (salt conc of 0.2M+) -osmophiles (high sugar conc/high osmotic pressures)

Question 31

why is it hard to culture some prokaryotes

Question 32

list the steps of binary fission

Answer 32

1.the chromosome is replicated 2.as the cell grows two chromosomes are seperated from one another 3.the cell then divides and two sister chromosomes are produced. each daughter cell recieves a copy of the chromosome. 4. this process is referred to as 'vegetative groeth"

Question 33

define binary fission

Answer 33

the asexual reproduction of prokaryyotic cells

Question 34

what is an endotoxin

Answer 34

a toxin contained within the bacterias structure that is released when it disintergrates e.g. lipopolysaccharides of gram positive bacteia

Question 35

what is an exotoxin

Answer 35

a toxin sectred by the bacteria

Question 35

what is a microbial mat

Question 36

what is peptidoglycan

Question 37

what is fimbrae and it's function

Question 38

what is flagella and it's function

Question 39

what is a plasmid

Question 40

what is gram positive bacteria

Question 41

what is gram negative bacteria

Question 42

how is pH calculated?

Question 43

carbohydrates

Question 44

lipids

Question 45

proteins

Question 46

nucleic acids

Question 47

differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Answer 47

gram positive: -gram positive belong to one phylum. -90% of cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan gram negative: -belong to multiple phylum -thin cell wall, 10% peptidoglycan. surrounded by outer envelope containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.

Question 48

what are obligate anareobes

Answer 48

organisms that live in low o2 environments and are poisoned by the presence of o2

Question 49

what are faculative anareobes

Answer 49

live in low o2 environments but can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen