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PH 1101 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-kinase

Stimulated by: (2)
Inhibited by: (2)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-phosphatase

Stimulated by: (1)

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-kinase

Stimulated by: increase in ADP, PYRUVATE
Inhibited by: increase in ACETYL-COA, NADH

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-phosphatase

Stimulated by: CALCIUM
a

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2
Q

T or F: the carboxyl group from the pyruvate hooks up with CoA to form Acetyl-CoA

A

F - T or F: the carboxyl group from the pyruvate leaves as CO2. it is the ACETYL group that hooks up with CoA.

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3
Q

T or F: pyruvate dehydrogenase requires 1 ATP to create acetyl CoA

A

F - high energy bond - does not require ATP (thioester)

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4
Q

T or F: A-CoA acts stoichiometrically and produces 2 CO2 per molecule

A

T

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5
Q

What is the link between TCA and ETC? (1)

A

the reduced co-factors!

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6
Q

Pair this up:

Oxaloactate = \_\_\_\_\_\_ + \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A-CoA = \_\_\_\_\_\_ + \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

1 A-CoA = __ CO2
100 A-CoA = __ CO2

A 
Oxaloactate = handle + catalytic
A-CoA = substrate + stoichiometrically

1 A-CoA = 2 CO2
100 A-CoA = 200 CO2

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7
Q

3 controlling factors of Krebs

A

CS
ICDH
AKGDH

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8
Q

Controlling factors (+ and -)

CS
ICDH
AKGDH

A 
CS = (-) increase in citrate, succinyl-CoA, NADH, ATP 
ICDH = (-) increase NADH, ATP 
AKGDH= (-) increase in citrate, succinyl-CoA, NADH, ATP; (+) increase of Ca
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9
Q

Difference between FAD and NAD?

A

FAD can hold 2 H atoms

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10
Q

GTP + ADP GDP + ATP

which enzyme catalyzes this?

A

nucleoside diphosphate kinase

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11
Q

What is CoASH?

A

when CoA is not attached to an acytl group

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12
Q

Which enzymes needs thiamine pyrophosphate lipase, NAD, CoASH, and FAD?

A

alpha-ketogluerate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

Why is Krebs cycle considered amphibolic?

A

catabolic - breaks down A-CoA

anabolic - provies substrate fr other pathways

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14
Q

Which enzyme is considered anapleurotic?

A

pyruvate carboxylase

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15
Q

Which poison competes with succinate to make Krebs cycle becomes stoichiometric?

A

malonate

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16
Q

Which poison replaces acetate to steal the CoA?

A

fluoro-acetate to make fluoro-acetyl-CoA

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17
Q

Consequence of low CoQ?

A

decrease in ATP (heart failure due to poor heart contraction)

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18
Q

Names

Complex I
Complex II
Complex III
Complex IV

A

I - NADH dehydrogenase/oxidoreductase
II - SDH
III - cytochrome B-C1 complex
IV - cytochrome C oxidase

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19
Q

T or F: if you block any component of the ETC, the entire complex will shut down

A

T

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20
Q

Which enzyme does cyanide block?

A

cytochrome (complex 4)

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21
Q

How much ATP generated for 1 molecule of NADH? FADH2?

A

NADH =2.5

FADH2 = 1.5

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22
Q

What is rhabdomyolysis?

A

breakdown of muscle tissue to the point it shows up in the blood and causes kidney damage

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23
Q

Which enzyme does oligomycin block?

A

ATP synthase

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24
Q

Which enzyme does amytal block?

A

complex 1

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25
How does an increase in cytoplasmic ATP affect the Kreb's Cycle, the ETC and the ATP synthase? Answer: when there is an ATP out, ADP comes in Which enzyme does this?
Adenine nucleotide translocase when there is an ATP out, ADP comes in
26
What is dinitrophenol?
weightloss - uncouple the ATP synthase and ETC. more ions point out to make the same amount of ATP
27
2 types of shuttles?
glycerol phosphate shuttle malate aspartate shuttle
28
What's the difference between starch and glycogen? Species Branching Linkages
S: plants, straight (amylose), and branches (amylopectin) G: animal, more branched (amylopectin) than starch, 1-4 and 1-6 linkages
29
Glycogen - more 1-6 or 1-4 linkages?
1-4 > 1-6
30
ATP Cost of adding glucose to glycogen
2 ATP
31
If the heart burns lactic acid, how many ATP can be made?
2 ATP
32
What is steric hindrance and how is it related to glycogen phosphorylase?
once it reaches a branching point - the molecules have a stronger hold - thus the enzyme would not want to waste energy/time pulling it off also the protein cannot reach the glycosidic linkages
33
If glycogen is broken down completely - what are the products and their %ages? 10% from alpha ___ linkages --> directly into ________ 90% from alpha ___ linkages ---> broken into _______
10% from alpha 1-6 linkages --> directly into GLUCOSE | 90% from alpha 1-4 linkages ---> broken into G1P
34
Compare fed and fasting state
fasting state - glycogenolysis: increase of G6P in cytoplasm. G6P translocase moves it out to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is future broken to GLU and exits the liver to go to blood and cells of the body fed state - glucose enters the cell coverted to G6P which is then made into glycogen (transporters taking G6P to the ER are closed)
35
Glycogen Storage Disease G6Pase or G6P translocase dysfunctional Prevents glucose from being released Hypoglycemia, ketosis, hyperuricemia Administration of uncooked corn
Type I
36
Glycogen Storage Disease Build up of glycogen due to dysfunctional lysosomal alpha-1.6 glucosidase enzyme Side effects?
Type II FATAL enlarged heart
37
Glycogen Storage Disease Lack of amylo-1-6 glucosidase (debranching enzyme)
Type III it can break things down up limited at the branches
38
Glycogen Storage Disease Limited ability to perform strenuous exercise due to muscle cramps, no rise in blood-lactic acid after exercise, Mb in blood and urine?
McArdles (Type V)
39
Which is the inactive form? Glycogen phosphorylase b or a?
b
40
Liver & muscle phosphorylase is inhibited by? (2) Muscle phosphorylase is activated by? (1)
ATP and G6P Calcium (muscle contraction)
41
Two tissues with alpha receptors for EPI? What happens?
Liver and heart activation of AMP and cascade occurs
42
Cholera Which protein affected? Increased production of ?
G protein cAMP
43
What can counteract diarrhea in CF?
starch, rice
44
Food sources for muscle and its glycogen metabolism | 3
glucose, glycogen, FFA
45
During exercise, muscles prefer ________; at rest it prefers ___________
glucose FAs
46
Three signals for glycogenolysis in muscle?
muscle glycogen metabolism (muscle contraction) muscle lactate dehydrogenase AMP activation (EPI)
47
List some tissues that can only use glucose
``` brain RBC lens/cornea of the eye kidney medulla testes exercising muscle ```
48
List some substrates for gluconeogenesis
pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, glucogenic AAs
49
What is the Cori cycle?
lactate and RBC goes to the liver to be converted to glucose
50
Hormonal control of lipid digestion (2 hormones)
cholecystokinin (release of bile, pancreatic enzymes, decrease gastric motility) secretin (pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme form stomach)
51
4 steps of digestion of fat
emulsification - for increase in SA of the lipids, requires bile digestion formation of mixed micelles absorption by enterocyte
52
What enzyme catalyzes: cholesterol ester --> cholesterol? phospholipid --> lysophospholipid?
cholesterol esterase phospholipase
53
Mixed micelle formation ``` FA bile salt cholesterol lysophospholipid __________ ```
2-monacylglycerol
54
Which one of these is NOT a function of bile acid 1. Only significant route of cholesterol excretion 2. Prevents cholesterol precipitation in the gall bladder 3. Emulsifying agents 4. Activate pancreatic lipase 5. Breakdown of proteins 6. Facilitate absorption of fat soluble vitamins
5
55
Which two are primary? secondary? cholic acid deoxycholic lithocholic chenodeoxycholic
primary = cholic and cheno (also most common two)
56
T or F: bile acids are amphipathic (polar and nonpolar)
T
57
Why do we need bile salts?
carboxyl end of the chol + amino group of the AAs (glycine and taurine) have to occur as the bile salt exits the liver
58
bile acid + glycine = _______ and ________ bile acid + taurine = _______ and ________ what's the ratio between glycine: taurine?
glycohlic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid G: T = 3:1
59
T or F: mainly bile salts are found in bile - not the acid
T
60
Which enzyme adds a hydroxyl group to CHOL?
5-hydroxylase
61
The core lipids consist of _______ and __________ ____ Secreted by ________epithelial cells to the lymphatics Delivers dietary triglycerides to peripheral tissues via _________ lipase The _______ which contains dietary cholesterol is taken up by the liver.
TG and CHOL ester intestinal lipoprotein remnant
62
Where are chylomicrons formed in the enterocytes?
in the ER
63
Name the other 4 lipoproteins other than chylomicrons
LDL HDL VLDL IDL
64
4 components of chylomicrons
protein phospholipid chol TG
65
Chylomicrons pathway - is it in blood or lymph system?
lymph (blood is water based - chylo and fats are hydrophobic)
66
what makes up the highest proportion of the chylomicron weight?
TGs (near 85%)
67
chylomicron remnants and glycerol are then brought where?
liver (via LDL receptor after it delivers TG to the rest of the body's tissues)
68
Why are HDLs good? Why is LDL bad?
it has a smaller ratio of fat/CHOL thus it can carry in more LDL bad because it contains a lot of CHOL esp. in high amounts
69
TG = ? + 3 fatty acids?
glycerol

PH 1101 (2 decks)

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