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Intro to psychology > Module 2 (biopsychology) > Flashcards

Module 2 (biopsychology) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biopsychology

A

Biopsychology explores the biological mechanisms that underlie behaviors and unseen mental processes
- the structure and function of the nervous system
- how the nervous system interacts with the endocrine system

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2
Q

What is a neuron?

A

It is a specialized cell that has a job to conduct impulse throughout our body specifically the nervous system
- it is the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system

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3
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

A network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body

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4
Q

What are the three types of neurons

A

sensory, interneurons and moto

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5
Q

what does the sensory neuron do?

A

relays messages from sense organs receptors to brain or spinal code
- transmits messages into the system

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6
Q

what does the motor neuron do?

A

signals from brain, spinal cord to glands, muscles, movement
- in control of the movement

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7
Q

what does the interneurons do?

A

carry information and transmits between neurons in brain and neurons in spinal cord

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8
Q

what are the three parts of the neuron?

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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9
Q

what is the cell body?

A

nucleus with chromosomes - carries out metabolic/maintaining functions

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10
Q

what are dendrites?

A

branch like extensions of neuron
- receive information from other neurons

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11
Q

what are axons?

A

slender, tail-like extension of neuron- transmits information to other neurons, muscles and glands
- axon terminals are rounded areas at the end of the branches at the end of the axon - communicate with other nerve cells

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12
Q

what is the myelin sheath?

A

made of a fatty substance that insulates axons and allows the signal to travel down the axon quicker
- is the protective coating over axons that speeds up the electrical transmissions

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13
Q

what are terminal buttons?

A

they are located at the end of the axons which contain synaptic vessels
- storage sites for chemical messengers called neurotransmitters

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14
Q

What are glial cells?

A
  • hold neurons together
  • remove waste products ( dead neurons)
  • handle metabolic risks
  • make myelin for cell transmission tasks (pain transmission)
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15
Q

What are the two parts to neurotransmission?

A

synapse and receptor cites

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16
Q

what is a synapse?

A

microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

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17
Q

what are the receptor sites?

A

three dimensional proteins on the surface of dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neuro transmitters

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18
Q

what is the synaptic cleft?

A

fluid-filled gaps between axon terminals

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19
Q

what is the synapse

A

-junction where axon terminal of a sending neuron communicates with
- the receiving dendrites of the neuron across the synaptic cleft

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20
Q

What are the two parts of neurotransmission?

A

excitatory synapse and inhabitory synapse

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21
Q

what is the excitatory synapse?

A

neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire

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22
Q

what is the inhibitory synapse?

A

neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing

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23
Q

what is resting potential?

A

The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

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24
Q

what is the threshold of excitation?

A

level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active

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25
Q

what is the action potential

A
  • is an electrical signal
  • act on an all-or-none principle- the incoming signal is either sufficient to reach the threshold of excitation or it is now
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26
Q

what is reuptake?

A

involves moving a neurotransmitter from the synapse back into the axon terminal from which it was released
- reuptake involves moving a neurotransmitter from the synapse back into the axon terminal from which it was released

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27
Q

What are neurotransmitter?

A

they are chemical messenger of the nervous system. Different neurons release different types of neurotransmitters that have many different functions

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28
Q

What are the five kinds of neurotransmitters?

A

acetycholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

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29
Q

What are three types of neurotransmitters and drugs?

A

psychotropic medication, agonist and antagonist

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30
Q

What is agonist?

A

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitters

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31
Q

what are antagonist?

A

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

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32
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Electrochemical communication network consisting of all nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system

33
Q

what is the communication network?

A

takes information from the world and the body tissues
- makes decisions and sends back information orders to the body tissues

34
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
35
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS

36
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

controls our internal organs and glands and can be divided into the symapathetic and parasympathic nervous systems

37
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

involved in stress-related activities and functions; prepares us for fight or flight. Arouses and and expends energy
- fight or flight response - activationof the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety

38
Q

What is parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • conserves energy as it calms; it associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body under relaxed conditions
  • rest and response - relaxes the body after fight or flight (aka rest and digest
39
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

the surface of the brain that is associated with out highest mental capabilities such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language and memory
- outer covering: covers cerebral hemispheres

40
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • connects the two cerebral hemispheres
  • thick band of nerve fibres
  • transfer of information, coordination of activity between hemispheres
41
Q

what is lateralization?

A

Concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions

42
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A
  • increaseed activity with perceptual tasks
  • modulates speech; allows for making inferences
  • organizes self-awareness
43
Q

what does the left hemisphere control?

A
  • math tasks
  • language controll quick literal interpretations
  • humans have unified brains with specialized parts
44
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

45
Q

what are the five parts of the forebrain?

A

-the cerebral cortex
- thalamus
-hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- limbic system

46
Q

What are the four lobes?

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

47
Q

what is the frontal lobe?

A
  • planning, judgement, memory reasoning, abstract, thinking movement
  • involved in executive functioning(planning, organization, judgement, attention, reasoning), motor control, emotion and language
  • the motor cortex
  • the prefrontal cortex
  • broca’s area
48
Q

what is the parietal lobe?

A

information about touch (sensory cortext)
- somatosentory cortex- essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature and pain

49
Q

what is the temporal lobe?

A

hearing ( auditory cortex), language
- the auditory cortex is the strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information

50
Q

what is the occipital lobe?

A

visual information (visual cortex)
contains the primary visual cortex which is responsible for interpreting incoming visual information

51
Q

What is the left frontal lobe

A

contains Broca’s area
- related to processing grammar and pronounciation
- broca’s aphasia
- language disturbance resulting from brain damage

52
Q

What is the wernicke’s area?

A

an assoiation areas for interpreting auditory information
- primary auditory cortex
- where hearing registers in cortex
- inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs

53
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

serves as the relay center of the brain where most senses (excluding smell) are routed before being directed to other areas of the brain for processing

54
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

located below the cerebral hemispheres regulates emotions and drives
- is involved in mediating emotional response and memory
- is made up of a number of different structures, some of the most important ones being

55
Q

What are the three parts of the limbic system?

A
  • hypothalamus
    -hippocampus
  • amygdala
56
Q

What is hypothalamus?

A

located below the thalamus and regulates homeostatic processes including body temperature appetite and blood pressure
- helps govern endocrine system
- houses “reward centers”
- part of it uses light cues to regulate sleep-wake cycles
- controls maintenance functions, such as eating and drinking

57
Q

What are hippocampus?

A

structure associated with learning and memory
- creates new memories
- integrates memories into a network of knowledge
- consolidates and stores memories
- responsible for memories

58
Q

what is amygdala

A

involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories in processing fear
- located at the tip of each side of the hippocampus
- plays a significant role in the formation of emotional memories
- attaches significance to events associated with fear, punishment or reward

59
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

functions as a relay system
- transmitting information visual and auditory
- plays an important role in movement, pain and the sleep/wake cycle

60
Q

what is reticular formation?

A

important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness and motor activity

61
Q

What is substantia nigra?

A

where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement

62
Q

What is the ventral tegmental area?

A

where dopamine is produced; associated with mood, reward, and addiction
- degeneration of the substantia nigra and VTA is involved in parkinson’s disease

63
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

oldest part and central brain core; automatic survival functions; crossover point
- coordinates functions that are fundamental to survival, including respiratory rhythm, motor activity, sleep and wakefulness

64
Q

What are the three parts of the medulla?

A

medulla
pons
cerebellum

65
Q

what is the medulla

A

controls automated proccesses like breathing, blood pressure and heart rate

66
Q

what is the pons?

A

connects the brain and the spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep

67
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory

68
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

-From the bloodstream, the hormones are carried to organs in the body such as the heart, pancreas, and sex organs
-Glands pour chemicals directly into the bloodstream or lympth system hormones are carried throughout the body

69
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers in the bloodstream

70
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

gland located in the brain that influences all other hormone-secreting glands (A.KA the master gland)

71
Q

What are the two kinds of pituitary gland?

A
  • oxytocin
  • growth hormone
72
Q

what is oxytocin?

A

hormone released by posterior pituitary gland that is involved in reproductive and parental behaviors

73
Q

what is growth hormone?

A

spurs childhood growth and helps maintain tissues and organs throughout life

74
Q

what is pineal gland?

A

endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin
-sleep patterns are often disrupted if the pineal gland is impaired

75
Q

what is thyroid gland?

A

endocrine gland found in the neck that regulates metabolism
- hypo or loss hyper

76
Q

what are adrenal glands?

A

endocrine glands located on top of each kidney

77
Q

what are gonads?

A

the sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate
- sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction
- produce testosterone and estrogen

78
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in the blood

Intro to psychology (3 decks)

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