Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Multaq Phase One > Module 2 - Cardiac Arrythmias > Flashcards

Module 2 - Cardiac Arrythmias Flashcards

1
Q

Afterdepolarization

A

a depolarizing afterpotential, sometimes occurring in tissues not normally excitable; frequently one of a series, failing to reach threshold and self-perpetuating; triggered automaticity may result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catecholamines

A

any of a group of chemicals, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, that are produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Decremental Conduction

A

impaired conduction in a portion of a fiber because of progressively lessening response of the unexcited portion of the fiber to the action potential coming toward it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ectopy

A

an abnormal location or position of an organ or a body part; in electrophysiology, the term refers to a heartbeat that originates from an abnormal location (such as heart muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fascicular Blocks

A

pertaining to a blockage in one of the segments of the left bundle branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Injury Current

A

an ECG abnormality created by damaged heart tissue; often associated with ST segment elevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Intraventricular Septum

A

strip of muscle tissue that separates the right from the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Macroreentrant Circuit

A

a reentry pathway involving the bundle branches of the conduction system of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parasystole

A

a cardiac irregularity attributed to the interaction of two foci that independently initiate cardiac impulses at different rates; as a rule, one of these foci is the sinoatrial node (the normal pacemaker), and the ectopic focus is usually in the ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Proarrythmia

A

cardiac arrhythmia that is either drug induced or drug aggravated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reentry

A

reexcitation of a region of cardiac tissue by a single impulse, continu- ing for one or more cycles and sometimes resulting in ectopic beats or tachyarrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Refractory

A

unwilling or unable to respond; in electrophysiology it means that the cell is unable to initiate or conduct an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sclerosis

A

an induration or hardening, such as hardening of a part from inflamma- tion, increased formation of connective tissue, or disease of the inter- stitial substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Supraventricular

A

located or occurring above the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Unidirectional Block

A

conduction block within tissue in only one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Measurements on an ECG along the horizontal axis indicate _______

A

The overall heart rate and regularity of the beat*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ECG graph paper records cardiac electrical activity at a rate of________

A

25 mm/sec*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The P wave represents depolarization of the ______

A

Right and left atria*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The simplest and most common method to determine heart rate involves multiplying the number of QRS complexes found over 6 seconds  ___________.

A

By a factor of 10 to get the number of QRS complexes in 1 minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The term “arrhythmia” refers to .

A

All rhythms other than regular sinus rhythm*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which of the following sinus node discharges is considered faster than normal?

A

>100 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many types of afterdepolarization are there?

A

Two types called early and delayed*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the term “reentry” refer to?

A

When a group of muscle fibers fails to be initially activated during a wave of depolarization and then allows the same wave of depolarization to excite it in a retrograde direction.

24
Q

Which of the following is are an abnormality in impulse conduction?

A

a. Entrance block b. Exit block c. Accessory pathways

25
Q

Conduction block can be defined as _________.

A

A delay or interruption in the transmission of an impulse from the atria to the ventricles due to an anatomical or functional impairment in the conduction system

26
Q

One of the traditional ways to describe cardiac arrhythmias is by:

A

Categorizing them according to the anatomical region of the heart from which they occur

27
Q

Atrial flutter results from __________.

A

Reentry within the right atrium, creating a macroreentrant circuit with an atrial rate generally 260 to 320 bpm*

28
Q

Atrial fibrillation is __________.

A

An irregularly irregular rhythm, a jagged baseline without regular or organized atrial activity and QRS complexes that are not preceded by a P wave

29
Q

Ventricular tachycardia is defined as ________.

A

Three or more successive ventricular complexes.

30
Q

Torsade de pointes is an atypical, rapid, and bizarre form of _________.

A

Ventricular tachycardia*

31
Q

Ventricular fibrillation is identified by ___________.

A

The complete absence of properly formed QRS complexes and no obvious P waves

32
Q

Which features can help guide how aggressively and quickly the physician needs to pursue a diagnostic or therapeutic plan?

A

All of the following: a. How frequently episodes occur b. How long they last c. How severe the symptoms are

33
Q

Which of the following symptoms is/are NOT related to cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Hyperactivity

34
Q

Which is the most useful noninvasive method to document and quantitate the frequency and complexity of an arrhythmia, cor- relate the arrhythmia with the patient’s symptoms, and evaluate the effect of antiarrhythmic therapy on spontaneous arrhythmia?

A

Prolonged ECG recording in patients engaged in normal daily activities*

35
Q

Patients who have symptoms consistent with an arrhythmia induced by exercise, such as syncope or sustained palpitations, should be considered for which of the following?

A

Stress testing*

36
Q

What percentage of patients who experience a complaint during a 24-hour ambulatory ECG (Holter) monitoring find an arrhythmia to be the underlying cause?

A

<15%*

37
Q

Digoxin

A

a cardioactive steroid glycoside with pharmacologic effects similar to digitalis; used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation

38
Q

What is an ECG used for clinically?

A

Many cardiac abnormalities have associated ECG characteristics such as: • Enlargement of heart • Electrical conduction abnormalities and blocks • Insufficient blood flow to cardiac muscle (cardiac ischemia) • Cardiac muscle death (myocardial infarction) The ECG is usually used as a screening tool to identify any abnormalities that might require additional diagnostic procedures, or at least a repeat ECG in the future.

39
Q

ECG PAPER

A
40
Q

What do the axis’ measure on an ECG?

A

Left side is Millivolts

Bottom is time

41
Q

P Wave

A

The P wave represents the depolarization of the right and left atria. The P wave begins with the first deviation from baseline and finishes when the wave meets the baseline once again. Remember that an ECG is an electrical current on the skin surface and not a measurement of con- traction or a single action potential.

42
Q

PR Interval

A

The PR interval is measured from the start of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex. It covers the time required for the impulse to travel from the sinoatrial (SA) node through the atria and the atrioventricular (AV) node through to the Purkinje network. Most of the PR interval is taken by the slow conducting AV node. Changes to the PR interval often indicate changes in AV node conduction. A normal PR interval is 0.12 to 0.21 seconds.4

43
Q

QRS Complex

A

The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles and consists of a series of waves, the Q, R, and S waves. The Q wave is the first negative deflection from baseline. The R wave is the first positive deflection above baseline. The S wave follows the R wave with a negative deflection.

44
Q

RR Interval

A

RR Interval

The RR interval represents the time duration between two consecutive R waves of the QRS complex. The average RR interval is obtained by dividing 60 seconds by the heart rate (e.g., 60 seconds/72 bpm = 0.83 seconds). In normal individuals, the RR interval is somewhat variab

45
Q

QT Interval

A

The QT interval represents a complete ventricular cycle of depolariza- tion and repolarization (Figure 2-4). The QT interval is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. A QT interval should be less than half the RR interval. QT intervals may vary during an ordinary day for no apparent reason and may be affected by abnormal electrolyte levels in the blood, particularly calcium and potas- sium, changes in the activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, and changes in heart rate. In fact, QT intervals normally shorten during tachycardia and lengthen during bradycardia. To compensate for rate-dependent variability, the QTc interval is used.5

46
Q

ST Segment

A

The ST segment represents early repolarization of the ventricles. Early repolarization includes a plateau phase during which the cardiac cell membrane potential does not change. The ST segment is evaluated for any deviation from the ECG baseline.

47
Q

T Wave

A

The T wave represents repolarization of the ventricle. The T wave is typically about 0.10 to 0.25 seconds in duration and has an amplitude of less than 5 mm. Whereas ventricular depolarization occurs rapidly, producing a tall QRS complex, ventricular repolarization is spread over a longer interval, resulting in a shorter and broader T wave. The T wave is normally slightly asymmetrical and is usually larger than the P wave.

48
Q

12 Lead ECG

A

This is the test that is used for clinical diagnosis and it includes 12 different leads or views of the heart. Each view is provided by recording the electrical potential difference between a positive and a negative pole.

Lead II is usually used to record rhythm strips, although this practice varies from one clinical setting to the next. Sometimes another lead will show larg- er QRS complexes or more discernible waveforms and thus be better suited for reviewing the cardiac rhythm.

49
Q

Enhanced Normal Automaticity

A

An accelerated heart rate which occurs frequently or persists even when there is no physiological need, it may be an example of enhanced normal automaticity, which basically means that the heart is beating faster but the reason is unknown.

50
Q

Abnormal Automaticity

A

In normal conditions, atrial and ventricular cardiac cells (myocytes) have no automaticity. However, the threshold potential can be low- ered, enabling the cell to fire earlier.

This may be due to a decrease in outward K+ currents or increase in Ca2+ inward currents. If this happens in an area of diseased myocardi- um outside the sinoatrial node, an action potential is generated, result- ing in an ectopic beat.

51
Q

Triggered Activity

A

Triggered activity occurs as a result of abnormal electrical energy that persists during a period when the heart cell should be electrically inactive. It is a form of pacemaker activity that results following a preceding impulse or series of impulses that take place when the heart cell should be electrically silent.

Kind of like ripples or shock wave triggering other cells.

52
Q

Two types of AfterDepolarizations

A
  1. Early
  2. Delayed
53
Q

Early Afterdepolarizations

A

Early afterdepolarizations occur during phase 2 and phase 3 of the action potential. The basis for early afterdepolarizations seems to involve the L-type calcium channel. Early afterdepolarizations are facilitated by increased repolarization times, as seen in either congeni- tal or acquired long QT syndromes.

54
Q

Delayed Afterdepolarizations

A

Delayed afterdepolarizations arise during phase 4 of the action poten- tial, when the cell membrane is completely repolarized. Transient inward currents, which are not normally present, may be initiated by the action of elevated intracellular calcium on the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger or by release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and they may form the basis for delayed afterdepolarizations. Rapid heart rates, increased extracellular calcium, and adrenergic stimulation may con- tribute to delayed afterdepolarizations.

55
Q

Reentry

A

If a group of muscle fibers fails to be initially activated during a wave of depolarization, they may allow the same wave of depolarization to excite them in a retrograde direction. This phenomenon is known as reentry. Reentry accounts for the majority of significant tachyarrhythmias.7

Multaq Phase One (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions