Module 2 - Cardiovascular

Question 1

Describe the general organisation of the cardiovascular system.

Answer 1

• heart = pump
• arteries = supply path
• capillaries = exchange site
• Veins/Lymphatics = Drainage system

Question 2

What is the cardiovascular organs made up of?

Answer 2

• vascular tissue
• connective tissues
• epithelial cells
• muscle cells

Question 3

What are the differences between the blood vascular system and the lymphatic system?

Answer 3

Blood Vascular system - A closed supply and drainage system (a continuous loop)
Lymphatic system - An open-entry drainage (a one-way system)

Question 4

What are the general principles of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 4

Supply side, Exchange network and Drainage

Question 5

Describe the supply side.

Answer 5

• arteries are the only supply path
• placed in the body that will avoid injury
• carries blood at a high pressure/velocity

Question 6

Describe the exchange network.

Answer 6

• capillaries of varying degrees of permeability

- different tissues have different capillaries

Question 7

Describe the drainage.

Answer 7

• 3 pathways for drainage (deep veins, superficial veins and lymphatics)
• CSA of veins are at least twice that of arteries

Question 8

What is the shape of a heart?

Answer 8

• cone shaped, blunt
• apex = pointed end
• base = broad end

Question 9

Where does the heart sit?

Answer 9

• mediastinum
• 2/3 to the left of the midline
• rotated to the left and tilted posteriorly
• base sits near the 2-3 rib
• apex around the 5-6 rib and is sitting against PMI (point of maximal impulse)

Question 10

What structure makes sure we have a left and right side of the heart?

Answer 10

Interventricular septum

Question 11

What are the veins that connect to the right atrium and where do they get blood from?

Answer 11

• Superior vena cava - head, neck, chest and upper limbs
• Inferior vena cava - everywhere below the diaphragm
• Coronary sinus - from the heart itself

Question 12

What are the layers of the heart wall?

Answer 12

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

Question 13

what is the name of the sac where the heart sits?

Answer 13

Pericardium

Question 14

What is the endocardium made up of?

Answer 14

• layer of SIMPLE epithelium for a non stick surface between the wall and the blood.
• small blood vessels
• loose fibrous connective tissue (FCT)

Question 15

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right?

Answer 15

Because it is pumping blood on a long journey around the body so needs a more powerful contraction compared to the right which is making a short journey to the lungs

Question 16

What is the epicardium made up of?

Answer 16

• contains part of the pericardium called visceral pericardium
• blood vessels
• loose FCT, adipose

Question 17

What are the the different layers of the pericardium?

Answer 17

Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, pericardial cavity and visceral serous pericardium

Question 18

What is the name of the valve between the atrium and ventricle?

Answer 18

Atrioventricular valve (AV valve)

Question 19

What is the function of the AV valves and what are the differences between the left and right side?

Answer 19

Function - prevent backflow of blood from ventricle to the atrium
Right - tricuspid valve
Left - bicuspid valve

Question 20

What are the states of the heart when it’s contracting and not contracting?

Answer 20

Contracting = systole

Not contracting = diastole

Question 21

What is the function of semilunar valves?

Answer 21

Prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles during diastole

Question 22

What are the semilunar valves name on the left and right side?

Answer 22

Right = pulmonary valve
Left = Aortic valve

Question 23

What is the name of the muscle and the strand that is attached to the edge of the AV valve leaflet?

Answer 23

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

Question 24

What is the function of the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles?

Answer 24

Ensuring the leaflets don’t just open the other way by creating tension in the chordae tendineae

Question 25

What is the function of myocardium?

Answer 25

continuously beating the heart

Question 26

What is the structure of the cardiac muscle cell?

Answer 26

- Striated - central nucleus - interconnected with neighboring cells via intercalated disks (ICDs)

Question 27

Why are the arrangement of sarcomeres different?

Answer 27

Because they're short, stubby and have branching arms

Question 28

What are the 3 different ways muscle cells are adhered together?

Answer 28

- Adhesion cells (actin to actin) - Desmosomes (cytokeratin to cytokeratin) - Gap junction (electrochemical communication)

Question 29

What are the major arteries from the heart to the feet?

Answer 29

Ascending aorta > Aortic arch > descending thoracic aorta > abdominal aorta common iliac artery > external iliac artery > femoral artery > popliteal artery > posterior tibial artery > plantar arch.

Question 30

What are the major veins from the feet to the heart?

Answer 30

Plantar venous arch > posterior tibial vein > popliteal vein > femoral vein > external iliac vein > common iliac vein > inferior vena cava.

Question 31

What is the longest vein that joins at the femoral vein?

Answer 31

Great saphenous vein.

Question 32

What are the three layers of a blood vessel?

Answer 32

- Tunica intima - inner layer - Tunica media - middle layer - Tunica adventitia - outer layer

Question 33

What is the structure of the tunica intima and what are the layers composed of?

Answer 33

- Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium - Sub-endothelium - fibrous connective tissue - Internal elastic lamina - dense connective tissue, elastin

Question 34

True or false: because the intima is thin it isn't important in the heart.

Answer 34

False

Question 35

Describe the tunica media.

Answer 35

- Smooth muscle - Connective tissue - mainly elastin and collagen - Thickness is proportional to vessel diameter and blood pressure.

Question 36

Describe the tunica adventitia.

Answer 36

- Loose FCT with high amount of collagen and some elastin - in large vessels it contains the vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessels) - Lymphatics and autonomic nerves are found here

Question 37

What is the function of arterioles?

Answer 37

determines the blood pressure

Question 38

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 38

Site of exchange between blood and tissues.

Question 39

What are venules?

Answer 39

mono cuspid valve that makes sure that if blood runs back it creates a blockage.

Question 40

What are the functions of veins?

Answer 40

- Low pressure but large volume transport system | - Capacitance vessels

Question 41

What is the structure of the veins?

Answer 41

Intima, Media and adventitia but media is thinner and adventitia is the thickest layer.

Question 42

What are the three different types of capillaries?

Answer 42

- Continuous capillaries - Fenestrated capillaries - Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 43

What surrounds the capillaries?

Answer 43

- Basement membrane.

Question 44

What is the differences between the different capillary types?

Answer 44

Continuous - brings red blooc cells as close to the wall as possible. Fenestrated - has pore like structures (fenestrations) within the epithelial layer. Sinusoidal - biggest capillary, intercellular gap within the endothelial layer and incomplete basement membrane.

Question 45

What is the function of the lymph vascular system?

Answer 45

- Drains excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins from tissues and returns to blood. - Filters foreign material from the lymph - screens lymph for foreign antigens and provide an immune response. - Absorbs fat from intestine and transports to blood.

Question 46

What is the lymphatic system structure?

Answer 46

- Large, blinde ending capillaries. | - Larger (thin wall) collecting vessels have numerous valves to prevent backflow.

Question 47

What are the vessels that takes the blood away and to the heart?

Answer 47

To the heart = venous/vein | Away from the heart = arterial/artery

Question 48

What is the order of the chambers contractions?

Answer 48

Left & right atria - left and right ventricles.

Question 49

What valves control the flow between the atria and ventricles?

Answer 49

Atrioventricular

Question 50

What valves control the flow between the ventricles and the circulatory vessels?

Answer 50

Aortic and pulmonary

Question 51

What is the initiator of the electrical signal?

Answer 51

sinoatrial node (SAN)

Question 52

What allows the cells in the heart to communicate for a contraction?

Answer 52

gap junctions