Module 2 - Cell Injury, Adaption & Cell Death

Question 1

List causes/agents of cell injury and give examples of each.

Answer 1

1. Physical Agents - Trauma, radiation, excessive, temperatures, changes in pressure.
2. Chemical Agents - Air pollutants, CO, pesticides, poisons, drugs.
3. Nutritional/Metabolic Alterations - Nutrient deficiencies or excesses, ischemia, hypoxia.
4. Immune Reactions - Allergens, autoimmune disease.
5. Genetic Defects - Single mutations (AA substitution in Hb in sickle cell disease, chromosomal abnormalities - trisomy 21/Down syndrome
6. Cellular Aging - Loss of intrinsic repair mechanisms; repeated healing/repair following external injuries.

Question 2

Define atrophy.

Answer 2

Reduction in size.

Question 3

Define hypertrophy.

Answer 3

Increase in cell size.

Question 4

Define hyperplasia.

Answer 4

Increase in cell number.

Question 5

Define dysplasia

Answer 5

Disorganized/disorderly growth of cells.

Question 6

Define metaplasia.

Answer 6

Change from one adult cell type to another.

Question 7

Define lipofuscin.

Answer 7

Phospholipids, “wear and tear”, increases with age.

Question 8

Define melanin.

Answer 8

Black-brown pigment found in skin and certain brain cells.

Question 9

Define hemosiderin.

Answer 9

Iron-rich brown rich pigment from breakdown of RBCs.

Question 10

Fatty change/intracellular accumulation of fat may be due to?…

Answer 10

• Increased delivery of fat to the cell (diabetes, starvation).
• Impaired fat metabolism (liver cells due to alcoholism).
• Decreased synthesis of apolipoprotein transport proteins (protein malnutrition).