Module 2: Determinants of Culture

Question 1

1) Social Structure
2) Economic Philosophy
3) Political Philosophy
4) Religion
5) Language
6) Education

Answer 1

6 Determinants of Culture

Question 2

— social strata → where a person is
— takes into account where you come from

— beliefs in the values, behaviors, attitudes

— can be interchanged with the economic structure

— one’s culture is molded upon the location you live/grew up in

Answer 2

Determinants of Culture: Social Structure

Question 3

— interchangeable with social structure

— takes about materialism and post-materialism; collectivism and individualism

Answer 3

Determinants of Culture: Economic Philosophy

Question 4

→ put importance to resources; people keep on working to get wealth or physical belongings

Answer 4

Economic Philosophy: Materialism

Question 5

→ put value in the quality of life; happens in a society where the economy is well-developed

Answer 5

Economic Philosophy: Post-Materialism

Question 6

→ gives important to the group as a whole; gives high regard to the members of the family (ex. Filipinos)

Answer 6

Economic Philosophy: Collectivism

Question 7

→ running for individual achievement; gives importance to their own (ex. Westerns)

Answer 7

Economic Philosophy: Individualism

Question 8

— beliefs and values are affected by the political climate

— examples:
— Democracy → USA, Philippines (i.e. EDSA Revolution)
— Socialism/Communism → China

Answer 8

Determinants of Culture: Political Philosophy

Question 9

— before in the Philippines, only men could only pursue education
— women are for homes to get married and reproduce

Answer 9

Determinants of Culture: Education

Question 10

1) First Culture - Home Culture
2) Second Culture - Host Culture
3) Third Culture - Mix of both

Answer 10

The Third Culture Model

Question 11

→ comes from home and family

→ where you are born

Answer 11

First Culture (Home Culture)

Question 12

→ attained from living in a different place

→ ex. people working abroad gets the habits of the culture of that place

Answer 12

Second Culture (Host Culture)

Question 13

→ shared commonalities of those living internationally mobile lifestyle

→ offsprings get the third culture

Answer 13

Third Culture (Interstitial Culture)

Question 14

1) National
2) Regional
3) Organizational
4) Team
5) Individual

Answer 14

5 Levels/Facets of Culture

Question 15

— talks about the nation

— PH culture, USA culture

Answer 15

Levels/Facets of Culture: National

Question 16

— talks about regions in the country

— Laguna culture (Tagalog); Visayan culture (Bisaya)

Answer 16

Levels/Facets of Culture: Regional

Question 17

— company culture

Answer 17

Levels/Facets of Culture: Organizational

Question 18

— can also be in companies or school

Answer 18

Levels/Facets of Culture: Team

Question 19

— your own culture

Answer 19

Levels/Facets of Culture: Individual

Question 20

— a set of cultural attitudes, beliefs, or customs that holds a dominant position in a large geographical, and may often find itself into culture of lesser groups

— fusion of different cultures; not particular to one nation

— example:
→ European Culture - different countries but same the share culture; going for tanner skin rather than fairer complexion

Answer 20

Superculture

Question 21

— may happen over time in a group or society

— this is due to the experiences of that society as it affected the traditional culture and other organizational structures of that society

Answer 21

Cultural Change

Question 22

1) Invention
2) Economy
3) Globalization
4) War and Disaster
5) Ideas
6) Aesthetics
7) Rights and Freedom
8) Laws
9) Design
10 ) Infrastructure
11) Education
12) Environment
13) Leaders

Answer 22

13 Determinants of Cultural Change

Question 23

— technological change such as the Internet allows people to connect to social groups and media that represents a particular worldview
— example: Internet, Zoom meetings

— results to tribalism, whereby people no longer see themselves as part of a greater society
— example: jejemons, emos, digital tribe(where we belong to now), etc.

Answer 23

Determinants of Cultural Change: Invention

Question 24

— a nation has a growing middle class may experience enrichment of culture as people have the economic security to pursue happiness

— for example, a nation with a growing middle class have a significant pool of talent who are pursuing creative careers in architecture, design, music, arts, literature and entertainment

— in the PH, there was a time where majority of middle class family want their children to be nurses

Answer 24

Determinants of Cultural Change: Economy

Question 25

— the process of exchange and integration between nations, as accelerated by developments in communication, transportation, peace and cooperation — occurs when cultures try to copy each other, always imperfect and leading to a new culture — example: — American influence → PH has become the 3rd largest English-speaking nation — Coca-Cola → one of the companies that can delve into globalization; “Share a Coke” campaign where Coca-Cola bottles have names that are most common to each country — Domino’s Pizza → embraced differing tastes and food habits in various markets; came up with different flavors that will be popular for a certain nation; localized menu innovation

Answer 25

Determinants of Cultural Change: Globalization

Question 26

— conflict and disaster destabilizes a society, resulting in the abandonment of cultural pursuits as people focus on survival and security — example: — war in mindanao → people turned into prioritizing their survival, cultural pursuits took the backseat

Answer 26

Determinants of Cultural Change: War and Disaster

Question 27

— the emergence and diffusion of new ideas; it is the survival of the fittest where good ideas survive over time and bad ideas are overcome — example: — ideation of G-Cash → we are now in the era of being a cashless society — beta max → from beta max to VHS — Coca-Cola → tried inventing a new drink, but the society did not like it and prefer the classic one

Answer 27

Determinants of Cultural Change: Ideas

Question 28

— aesthetic tastes changes through time as new styles emerge and people emulate it — example: — interior design → from classic to minimalist/industrial — South Korea → major plastic surgeries are acceptable

Answer 28

Determinants of Cultural Change: Aesthetics

Question 29

— aesthetic tastes changes through time as new styles emerge and people emulate it — example: — interior design → from classic to minimalist/industrial — South Korea → major plastic surgeries are acceptable

Answer 29

Determinants of Cultural Change: Rights and Freedom

Question 30

— laws and regulations have broad cultural impacts — for example, laws regulating businesses to close at a particular hour restrain the night economy of a city — example: — Hong Kong → there is a night market where people can go until the wee hours of the morning — Philippines → foreigners cannot invest due to laws prohibiting them to buy lands; paperwork in opening a business is also tedious

Answer 30

Determinants of Cultural Change: Laws

Question 31

— design impacts culture — for example, urban design of cities influences how communities interact such as city full of parks and public spaces that develop a lively feel — example: — Ayala Malls → always have a garden/outdoor area

Answer 31

Determinants of Cultural Change: Design

Question 32

— hard infrastructure such as sidewalks and soft infrastructures dealing with health such as hospitals create movement and satisfaction with public service

Answer 32

Determinants of Cultural Change: Infrastructure

Question 33

— a foundation of culture beginning with basic language and social skills that provide tools to discover and use knowledge — an education that fails society can result into a cultural decline where communities have little sense of traditions, norms, shared experiences, civility, arts, literature and celebrations — example: — Men in Education → before only men can study and women will stay at home to be a housewife; now, women have equal rights

Answer 33

Determinants of Cultural Change: Education

Question 34

— a nation with poor environment impacts culture — for example, a city with poor air quality restricts people from going out — example: — Beijing → smoggy environment leads to the people wearing face masks when going outside

Answer 34

Determinants of Cultural Change: Environment

Question 35

— as unify people towards a common goal and purpose — can be a symbol of culture, such as Martin Luther King who represented the Black American culture

Answer 35

Determinants of Cultural Change: Leaders

Question 36

— to have an unfounded idea or belief or idea group based upon how they are seen — perception may be based on facts or otherwise — tries to say that all people of that group are the same with no basis at all

Answer 36

Stereotype