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BSNC 4000 > Module 2 - Epidemiology > Flashcards

Module 2 - Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T Cells
B Cells

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2
Q

Types of Immunity (5)

A

Innate
Adaptive
Passive
Active
Acquired

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3
Q

Types of antibodies

A

M = first to be produced, not as effective. agglutination.
A = found in seromucosal secretions (breast milk), respiratory tract
G = most effective. agglutination, neutralization, complement enhancement. cross placenta
E = involved in allergic reactions –> increase histamine rls
D

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4
Q

IgG

A

most abundant in human blood
can cross placenta
most versatile

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5
Q

IgM

A

first one to be produced
diagnostic marker

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6
Q

IgA

A

can be passed into breast milk
found in mucous tracts –> respiratory, GI, GU
helps trap pathogens in mucus

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7
Q

IgE

A

least abundant in body
anti-parasitic defenses
binds to basophils/mast cells (immune-mediated allergy?)

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8
Q

IgD

A

located on surface of B-cells
not secreted

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9
Q

Types of T-cells

A

helper
regulatory
cytotoxic

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10
Q

Types of T-helper cells

A

Specific to a protein antigen

TH1
TH2

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11
Q

Which cells do TH1 cells activate?

A

macrophages
cytotoxic T-cells
NK cells

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12
Q

Which cells do TH2 cells activate?

A

B-cells do for protein antigens.
promote class-switching –> switch antibody production
*Th dependent immunity

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13
Q

Which protein binds to helper/regulatory T-cells

A

CD4

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14
Q

Which protein binds to cytotoxic T-cells

A

CD8

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15
Q

MHC I

A

found on all nucleated body cells (except RBCs)
present ‘self-antigen’s & pathogens.
can be found on APCs d/t cross presentation

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16
Q

MHC II

A

found on antigen presenting cells

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17
Q

Primary immune response

A

when body is first exposed to a pathogen
takes longer, less antibody production (mostly IgM)
body develops antibodies ~10 days

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18
Q

Secondary immune response

A

memory cells result in faster and stronger immune response. higher number of IgG antibodies

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19
Q

Types of vaccines (6)

A

live attenuated
inactivated
subunit
conjugate (protein + polysaccharide)
toxoid
DNA/RNA

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20
Q

Independent antigens

A

carbohydrates
lipids
stimulate B-cells w/o TH2 cells but only result in IgM antibodies. no memory cells.
not immunogenic <2 years old

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21
Q

Dependent antigens

A

proteins linked to polysaccharide
stimulate T-helper cells whic results in a more robust immune response & production of IgG antibodies

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22
Q

Types of immune defenses

A

physical
chemical
mechanical
cellular
molecular

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23
Q

Types of molecular defenses

A

cytokines
chemokines
complement proteins

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24
Q

Vaccine efficacy

A

how effective vaccine works in clinical setting

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25
Vaccine effectiveness
how effective vaccine works in real world setting
26
Levels of injury prevention
primary = prepathogenesis secondary = early pathogenesis tertiary = middle/late pathogenesis
27
Phagocytes
neutrophils macrophages monocytes dendritic cells
28
What 2 cells does a monocyte differentiate into
macrophage dendritic cell
29
What are APC's
dendritic cells macrophages B-cells
30
VDJ recombination
process in different gene segments are spliced together resulting in different antigen receptors on lymphocytes
31
Class switching
process in which plasma cells switch antibody production (i.e. IgM --> IgG)
32
Types of immunoprophylaxis
vaccines immunoglobulins
33
Types of vaccines
live attenuated inactive subunit recombinant DNA/RNA
34
Extracellular immunity
antibodies (humoral)
35
Intracellular immunity
cytotoxic T-cells
36
Antigen
molecule recognized by active lymphocytes/antibodies based on 3D structures (epitopes)
37
Immunogen
specific antigens that can stimulate the adaptive immune system
38
Immunogen characteristics
proteins carbohydrates (polysaccharides) large with repeating epitopes foreign molecules
39
Adjuvants
substances added to vaccines to enhance immune response
40
Common adjuvants
aluminum salt emulsions (squalene) microbial derivatives cells/cytokines thimerosal (preservative) formaldehyde (kill bacteria)
41
Types of surveillance
Passive Active Rumor Syndromic
42
Passive surveillance
routine reporting reportable diseases government registries hospital data
43
Active surveillance
outbreak investigation serosurveillance health survey IMPACT
44
Rumor surveillance
news social media phone
45
Syndromic surveillance
monitor medicine purchase, work absenteeism --> symptoms suggesting disease outbreak early detection public information
46
IMPACT
Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program Active
47
AEFI
adverse events following immunization but may not be CAUSED by immunization
48
Anaphylaxis skin
hives swelling itching redness warm *d/t histamine rls
49
Anaphylaxis respiratory
throat swelling --> wheezing/stridor SOB coughing chest pain/tightness trouble swallowing nasal congestion
50
Anaphylaxis GI
N/V stomach pain cramps diarrhea
51
Anaphylaxis cardiovascular
dizziness/lightheadedness (d/t decreased cerebral perfusoin) pale/blue color weak pulse fainitng shock reduced LOC *histamine --> widespread vasodilation --> reduced BP
52
Anaphylaxis neurological
fainting anxiety impeding doom
53
Anaphylaxis other
uterine cramps
54
ASK approach
A = acknowledge concern S = steer conversation K = provide knowledge
55
Serological screening
screen for antibodies --> indicate immunity/ previous exposure false positives/negatives may not be actionable/beneficial
56
Sensitivity
ability of test to detect if someone is positive for x
57
Specificty
ability of test to detect if someone is negative for x
58
Positive predictive value
ability of test to correctly identify positive cases
59
T-cell dependent immunity
Protein antigens Cytotoxic t cells & b cells responding to protein
60
T-cell independent immunity
Polysaccharides B-cells do not require t-helper cells but do not produce memory cells
61
Microbial antigens
virus bacteria funghi protozoa parasites
62
Non-microbial antigens
plant pollen poison ivy resin insect venom organ transplant
63
Molecular antigen
proteins (primary) polysaccharide
64
T-cell independent response
plasma cells mainly produce IgM antibodies
65
T-cell dependent response
plasma cells mainly produce IgG antibodies
66
T-cell activation
1) TCR binds with antigen epitope on the MHCII/MHCI complex 2) CD4/CD8 bind to ANOTHER site on the MHC complex --> activation
67
TCR
T-cell receptor
68
Types of helper T-cells
TH1 TH2 TH17 **determined by cytokines released by APC
69
How do helper T-cells activate other immune cells?
release of cytokines
70
Benefits of live vaccines
more comprehensive immune response --> cellular/humoral immunity
71
How are live vaccines produced
1) genetic manipulation 2) long-term culturing in an unnatural host --> reduce affinity, promote mutations
72
How are inactivated vaccines made
whole pathogens that have been killed/inactivated using heat, chemicals, radiation
73
What are subunit vaccines
key antigens of a pathogen are isolated
74
How are subunit vaccines made
1) chemical degradation 2) genetic engineering
75
Conjugate vaccine
protein + capsule polysaccharide T-cell independent immunity --> antibodies that opsonize capsule of pathogens
76
Toxoid vaccine
inactivated bacterial toxins --> humoral immunity
77
Immune responses by time
ubiquitous 0-4 hrs induced 4 hrs-4 days adaptive 10-14 days
78
Immune responses by type
first line --> prevent microbes from entering second line --> target microbes entering tissue third line --> lymphocytes
79
Types of acquired immunity
vaccinations immunoglobulins breast milk placenta antibodies
80
Antigen definition
anything that can be recognized by lymphocytes/antibodies
81
Immunogen definition
specific antigens that induce an immune response
82
What molecule is most immunogenic?
proteins
83
Recombinant pathogen
yeasts/plants engineered to make pathogen protein
84
Phase I clinical trial
30-50 people
85
Phase II clinical trial
200-400 people
86
Phase III clinical trial
3000+ people
87
Canadian pediatric society recomendations
1) do not dismiss vaccine refuses 2) presumptive approach > participatory approach 3) simple, clear language 4) address fear of pain/distress head on 5) reinforce community protection is insufficient
88
Herd immunity
disease control by vaccinating majority of population to prevent spread of disease. important to protect people who cannot get vaccinated/immunocompromised

BSNC 4000 (9 decks)

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