Module 2 Exam Flashcards

Question

Circle hook

Answer 1

made to prevent gut hooking - if fish swallows it, the hook gets pulled out of the guts without getting hooked, and then gets stuck in the corner of the mouth on the way out

Answer 2

Landing - touching with hand/net, slime removal, scale loss, damage to fish/gills Hook removal - tissue trauma, especially with barbed hooks Air exposure - to remove hook, take photo, transfer to live well; gills don’t work outside of water; after physical exertion from catching, being able to get oxygen is even more vital

Answer 3

Bonefish held vertically in air, bonefish held horizontally in water, and control - ten bonefish in each group Examined injury and mortality after 48 hrs 18/20 bonefish handled with boga grip suffered injuries - 100% of those held vertically and 80% of those held horizontally 40% of injuries were severe, likely resulting when bonefish thrashed (tore through skin, broke jaw on some → bad outcome even if released due to feeding impairment and lack of defense against predators)

Answer 4

Leads to collapse (no longer supported by water) and adhesion of gill filaments Compromises respiration Magnifies physiological disturbance - trying to recover from excessive exercise and now being forced to hold breath (can’t get oxygen in OR CO2 out) Delays recovery - gill filaments have adhered and take a while to recover and begin working normally Eventually leads to tissue damage and death

Answer 5

Slow physiological recovery Impaired swimming performance - might not be able to swim against current or get away from predators Altered behavior Increased susceptibility to predation, especially in marine systems (more predators) Loss of equilibrium - inability to coordinate movements and remain upright (good indicator of severe stress)

Answer 6

length of fish, incidence of bleeding, duration of fight

Answer 7

duration of air exposure (for every minute of air exposure, chance of loss of equilibrium increases by 6 times) handling time (for every minute of handling, chance of loss of equilibrium increases by 1.2 times)

Answer 8

No, there is a lot of room between a dead fish and one that is a "fit" member of a population, catching also causes: Physiological disturbances Energetic consequences Behavioral alterations Fitness impairments

Answer 9

higher, higher

Answer 10

Removal of large individuals from population Selection favors slower growth rates and smaller body sizes (less susceptible to angling) Fitness impairment – energy used to recover from angling cannot be spent on growth and reproduction Individuals contribute less to the population

Answer 11

loss or modification of essential habitat for each life stage Ontogenetic shifts in habitat use Disturbance or loss of any essential habitat could influence recruitment, growth, reproduction, and survival Impacts on water quality could also be considered a disturbance of habitat – thermal pollution, nutrient enrichment (eutrophication)

Answer 12

habitat use changes with different life stages ontogenetic = the origination and development of an organism (both physical and psychological, e.g., moral development), usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to adult

Answer 13

surface and ground water diverted from its natural course for anthropogenic (human) use Irrigation of cropland, industrial use (hydro dams), domestic use (wells)

Answer 14

reduced flow, barrier to movement Change in thermal regime Change in sediment flow Accumulation of contaminants (methylmercury) Individual, population, and community-level effects

Answer 15

migrate between freshwater and seawater environments usually born in one type, move to another for growth, then move back to original type for spawning Often very high site fidelity to natal streams/rivers

Answer 16

born in freshwater, grow in marine (e.g. Atlantic salmon)

Answer 17

born in marine, grow in freshwater (e.g. American eel)

Answer 18

Can’t get out to the ocean to look for food and grow Not able to return to freshwater to spawn

Answer 19

ecotone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems within a floodplain Plants are adapted to being inundated with water Acts as a buffer/filter Land use practices often put pressure on riparian vegetation

Answer 20

Disturbances - increase in sediment loads (increased phosphorus, as phosphorus abundant in ground), availability of habitat (less woody debris), nutrient enrichment, change in temperature regime (less shading) Siltation of critical habitat (nesting grounds), reduced habitat heterogeneity, thermal stress, eutrophication

Answer 21

Plants in riparian zones filter out sediments and take up nitrates, so if trees are clear-cut there are more suspended sediments and nitrates

Answer 22

Larval fish - increase in nutrient load could drive oxygen levels down, larval fish have high oxygen demand, so increased mortality Juvenile fish - if oxygen is reduced it could impact growth/maturing of the fish, especially if the amount of available food is impacted Adult fish - if oxygen is reduced it could impact the ability of the fish to reproduce, especially if the amount of available food is impacted Increase nutrients could have positive effects, such as boosting the food web and increasing growth rates because there is more food available to fish

Answer 23

The three-dimensional (3D) physical structure of an ecosystem, plays a critical role in mediating the dynamics of biological communities Mosaic of habitat types (ex: coral reef ecosystems) Food and shelter for inshore species Biodiversity of the coastal zone

Answer 24

Some fish move habitats depending on their life stage because some biomes are better for growth, while others are better for spawning If a fish has to move between one habitat and another, movement takes energy, which requires food In a new environment there are also new predators

Answer 25

The contamination of water bodies such as streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, wetlands, and groundwater Naturally occurring or human-generated compounds or conditions that can or will have a negative impact on any aspect of aquatic ecosystems Direct or indirect impacts (individual fish versus cascading effects through the food web)

Answer 26

Single identifiable localized source of pollution Factories, sewage Easy to calculate loading because pollution is coming from an isolated point

Answer 27

From diffuse sources Runoff, rain, snowmelt Difficult to calculate loading because anything could be picked up

Answer 28

Molecule contains carbon From animals/plants, industry Natural (methane), synthetic (PVC, plastics)

Answer 29

Mineral origin (e.g. Hg) Manufacturing, industry, mining Heavy metals, silt, fertilizer, acids

Answer 30

can be organic or inorganic Resistant to environmental degradation - can’t be broken down over time (or at least it is very difficult for them to be broken down) Low water solubility (hydrophobic) High lipid solubility (lipophilic) High capacity for long-range transport, potential for considerable impacts on biota

Answer 31

PCBs Heavy metals (Hg) Organometallics - methylmercury [CH3Hg]+

Answer 32

Forever chemicals per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances

Answer 33

Persistent contaminants can stick around for a long time in lipid sources (such as in fish and other organisms because they contain a lot of lipids) Because they don't like water, they don't get flushed out either

Answer 34

rate of accumulation is greater than the rate of loss/breakdown Lipophilic compounds (organic), chronic effects of toxins Because it binds to fats, it doesn’t break down easily and therefore sticks in animals for a long time Increase in concentration within an organism; occurs within a trophic level

Answer 35

increase in concentration of a persistent contaminant that occurs across trophic levels (up food chain) Contaminants stick in fats of fish, other animals eat those fish and accumulate a greater amount of contaminant, so when another organism eats that animal it accumulates even more contaminant

Answer 36

Elemental Hg – naturally occurring but anthropogenic concentrations occur via waste incineration, coal burning, chlorine production, and ore extraction (e.g. gold mining) Mostly atmospheric – returns to earth in rain or snow Methylmercury – sulfate-reducing bacteria absorb and convert elemental Hg (inorganic) to this highly toxic, bioavailable form Bioaccumulates and biomagnifies (lipophilic and hydrophobic)

Answer 37

Acute exposure - elevated metabolic rates related to damage of gill epithelium (affects oxygen uptake, ion regulation) Chronic exposure – impaired feeding ability, manifested as reduced foraging efficiency and capture speed Dietary ingestion – severe liver damage, reduced fecundity, impaired gonadal function, reduced sperm motility, altered sex ratio

Answer 38

Fish as prey for fish-eating birds (loons, eagles) and mammals (otters, mink, pinnipeds), and these animals are impacted through reproductive impairment and even mortality Human health consequences – severe neurological damage, kidney damage Cognitive impairment, muscle and joint pain, hair loss, increased coronary heart disease

Answer 39

Mimic the chemical activity of hormones or stimulate hormone production Reproductive (estrogens, androgens), thyroid, and corticosteroid hormones At least 90 chemicals found in food, water, soil, and air are EDCs Oral contraceptives and diethylstilbestrol (synthetic estrogen), organohalogens (dioxins, PCBs), food antioxidants (BHA), pesticides (DDT, malathion), phthalates (plasticizers, printer ink, adhesives)

Answer 40

A chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism Often transported in blood (endocrine) or duct (exocrine), bind to hormone-specific cell receptors (protein), resulting in activation and cell response Growth hormones (thyroid-stimulating hormone), hunger hormones (ghrelin), reproductive hormones (testosterone) Balance of positive and negative feedback cycles -> balance is thrown off by pollution = does wacky things to fish and people

Answer 41

Reduced rates of sperm and egg production Reduced gamete quality Abnormal gonad morphology Altered reproductive behavior Altered embryonic development Reduced reproductive success

Answer 42

Decrease rates of survival, growth, reproductive capacity Decreased population size Risk of population extinction

Answer 43

Disruption of food web Loss of ecologically and economically important species Human health concerns

Answer 44

addition of acidic compounds from the atmosphere Sulfuric (H2SO4), Nitric (HNO3), Nitrous (HNO2) Industrial operations (factories, power plants, smelters), combustion engines (burning of fossil fuels), wood smoke Wet deposition (rain, snow, fog), dry deposition (soot, ash) Remember 1st lecture on water – ideal solvent and easily combines with acids Leeches compounds out of soils at low pH - Al, Mg (water has limited buffering capacity because of low Ca)

Answer 45

Mobilization of aluminum (Al) increases as pH decreases Al increases mucus production, including on gills Reduced efficiency of oxygen uptake Interferes with oxygen absorption by hemoglobin Impaired regulation of ions in blood and tissues Gill cell necrosis (death) Reduced survival of eggs and larvae

Answer 46

nonnative, nonindigenous, introduced, alien, exotic, transplanted, translocated, feral, biological pollutant

Answer 47

one that has been moved beyond its natural range or natural zone of potential dispersal Recognizes natural processes (dispersal, range extensions) as natural events, and focuses on movements that are human-induced and independent of political boundaries

Answer 48

Impetus for dispersal: Response to negative ecological interaction, normal part of life history Factors limiting dispersal: Species mobility, physical barriers, biological barriers, climate (physiology), food (preferred), predators/competitors

Answer 49

Impetus for dispersal: Humans! Food, sport, biological control, unintentional Factors limiting dispersal: biological barriers, climate (physiology), food (preferred), predators/competitors (<) Policy, education, outreach

Answer 50

High reproductive rate, including high fecundity, short interbreeding period Short generation time with rapid maturation High dispersal rate Broad native range, abundant in native range Tolerant of a wide range of water quality Ecological generalist with respect to habitat and tropic requirements High genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity

Answer 51

Habitat degradation creates conditions that are no longer favorable for native species, but are acceptable for introduced species Anthropogenic disturbance (siltation, dredging, climate change) Natural disturbances (flooding, storms) Implies that native species are specialists and introduced species are generalists Does not require interaction between native and introduced species

Answer 52

Correlation of native and introduced species with land use intensity in southern Appalachian streams

Answer 53

biotic interactions in the form of predation, competition, or introduced parasites and diseases Introduced species prey on native species Competitive exclusion principle (both species vie for the same food, space, reproductive habitat) Novel parasites & diseases found in introduced species infect native species which have not evolved defenses against them

Answer 54

replacement and displacement In some cases, habitat that is successfully invaded typically has been modified by humans leading to decreased habitat diversity and variability

Answer 55

Dispersal through seeds (propagules), fragments, whole plants Aquatic macrophytes, wetland vegetation, algae Biological impacts - shading, sequestration of nutrients, increased decomposition and oxygen depletion Human impacts - navigation, aesthetics, loss of sport fish, toxic algal blooms

Answer 56

Native to the Black, Caspian, and Azov Seas Filter feeder, pelagic (veliger) larvae Potential for rapid colonization Release of larval mussels during the ballast exchange of a single commercial cargo ship traveling from the north shore of the Black Sea to the Great Lakes has been deduced as the likely vector of introduction to North America Rapid dispersal throughout the Great Lakes and major river systems was due to the passive drifting veliger larvae, and its ability to attach to boats navigating these lakes and rivers Biofouling capabilities by colonizing water supply pipes of hydroelectric and nuclear power plants, public water supply plants, and industrial facilities Reduced the biomass of phytoplankton significantly following invasion

Answer 57

Native to Indo-Pacific Sit and wait predator, poisonous spines Popular aquarium species Lionfish in the Western Atlantic: Numerous studies now being conducted to determine the impacts of lionfish – the first nonindigenous marine fish to establish the Western North Atlantic and the Caribbean

Answer 58

Negative net recruitment of important native reef fishes Also prey on juvenile spiny lobster Ecological, economic, and human health considerations

Answer 59

Rapid increase in the emission of greenhouse gases Increase in slash and burn land clearing (emissions and loss of carbon sink) Population growth, industrialization, and ignorance

Answer 60

Physiological – temperature beyond tolerance limits (critical thermal maximum) can lead to mortality Increased metabolism and energetic needs Decrease in growth if prey production is insufficient Increase in water temperature occurs more rapidly than selective pressures that allow populations to persist

Answer 61

In some cases survival may increase, especially in temperate regions since constraints of size-dependent overwinter starvation would be relaxed Also, greater annual growth could occur for coldwater, cool water, and warm water freshwater fishes because an increase in the length of the growing season and the volume of habitat offering preferred temperatures Collective impacts could result in modified species ranges, both with latitude and with elevation

Answer 62

Precipitation regimes will also be altered Climate change will bring more extreme weather patterns, including droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall, and storms (e.g hurricanes) Increased desertification in additions to rapid deforestation = reduction in carbon sinks, increased heat absorption of land, reduction in groundwater and surface water flow Reduction in global cloud cover - feedback mechanism that accelerates warming because of decreased albedo

Answer 63

Non-uniform changes in precipitation, more severe extremes (longer droughts, more intense floods) Loss of polar ice caps, increase in sea levels, potential reduction in the deep western boundary current in the Atlantic

Answer 64

Changes in carbon input and nutrient loading, influencing primary production Changes in sediment loads and the mobilization of contaminants Changes in habitat availability; increase in nonindigenous species; changes in movement patterns Changes in recruitment dynamics of invertebrate, plant, and fish populations Change in community composition

Answer 65

Zooxanthellae – symbiotic algae living in the tissue of corals Provides the color of corals Excess production of glucose, glycerol, and alanine for host Provide the energy for coral to create CaCO3 Zooxanthellae are expelled when the coral is stressed (from acidification or heat stress) Reduced secretion of CaCO3

Answer 66

decoupling = reducing the amount of resources used to generate economic growth while decreasing environmental deterioration and ecological scarcity Overharvesting of fish Coral bleaching related to temperature Nutrient loading and freshwater input Loss of herbivores Increased growth of macroalgae

Answer 67

an important reference point for measuring the health of ecosystems; provides information against which to evaluate change; it’s how things used to be Important to keep track of how things have been because baselines are shifting (ex: people visiting degraded coastal environments and calling them beautiful, unaware of how they used to look)

Module 2 Exam Flashcards

(92 cards)