Module 2 Exam: Plants Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
What is a disadvantage to the traditional classification system?
A
does not inform us about evolutionary relationships (close or distant relation)
2
Q
What type of traits are used for phylogenetics?
A
morphology, shared derived traits, DNA
3
Q
What is an evolutionary lineage?
A
ancestral species and the lines (determine relative time the species has been around)
4
Q
What is a sister taxa/clade?
A
two taxa sharing an immediate ancestor, that is NOT shared with anyone else.
5
Q
What are the aspects of phylogenetic trees?
A
-alt. forms do not change the way they work
-lineages can rotate around node/branches
6
Q
How do phylogenetic trees differ from the traditional classification system?
A
phylogenetic trees use molecular data
7
Q
What is an assumption of phylogenetics?
A
more similar morphology and genome = more closely related
8
Q
How is the rule of parsimony used to interpret evolutionary relationships?
A
-loss/gain of a new trait is rare
-true relationships have FEWEST # of changes
9
Q
Why is it imperative that homologous traits are used when creating a phylogenetic tree?
A
evidence of evolutionary change
10
Q
Why are analogous traits often important to distinguish?
A
dorsal fins in sharks and dolphins more likely to come from convergent evolution rather than the loss/gain of that trait over time according to rule of parsinomy
11
Q
The more evolutionary different two taxonomic units are..
A
the more dna/genetic diff
-longer period of time since sharing common ancestor allows for more mutations
12
Q
What is a monophyletic clade?
A
ancestor and all descendants
13
Q
Why is it important for classification groupings to also form a monophyletic clade when mapped on a tree?
A
accurately represents the evolutionary relationships of org.
14
Q
What is a paraphyletic clade?
A
ancestor and some descendants
-incorrect classification
-birds should be grouped with reptiles
15
Q
What is a polyphyletic clade?
A
no common ancestor, clade takes from two or more diff ancestors
-ex: if birds and mammals grouped together, not evolutionary related
16
Q
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A
pro do not have nucleus or membrane bound organelles
17
Q
What are the three domains of life?
A
Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria
18
Q
What is the current hypothesis regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cells?
A
evolved from endosymbiosis (symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes)
19
Q
What are characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
A
-membrane bound organelles
-nuclear envelope protects genome
-cytoskeleton of microtubules
-inner membrane, DNA presence and ribosome similar to bacteria
20
Q
When did eukaryotes evolve?
A
1.8 bya
21
Q
What are characteristics of protists?
A
-no single unifying trait
-can be unicellular or multicellular
-energy: photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs
-repro: both
-all habitats
22
Q
What are the protist groups?
A
-excavata
-sar
-unikonta
-archaeplastida
23
Q
What characterizes the supergroup Excavata?
A
-unique flagella structure
-most freeliving, some parasitic
-diplomonads and parabasalids have reduced mitochondria
24
Q
What are the three primary groups of excavata?
A
-diplomonads
-parabasalids
-euglenozoans
25
What is an example of diplomonads and paraboloids?
Giardia
26
What is an example of euglenozoans?
-spinal rod present
-Ex: trypanosoma (A.S.S.)
-Ex: Euglena (mixotropic,eyespot, long flagellum)
27
What characterizes the supergroup SAR?
-DNA similarities, several traditional clades combine
28
Do protists form a clade?
No
29
What are the three primary groups of SAR?
-Stramenophiles
-Alveolates
-Rhizarians
30
What are characteristics of Stramenophiles?
flagella w/ hair-like projections
31
What is an example of stramenophiles?
-Diatoms
-Brown Algae
32
What are characteristics of Diatoms?
-unicellular algae and cell walls of silicia
-main component: phytoplankton
33
What are characteristics of brown algae?
-largest and most complex
34
What are characteristics of alveolates?
vesicles enclosed in membranes
35
What are examples of alveolates?
-Dinoflagellates
-Alecomplexans
-Ciliates
36
What are dinoflagellates?
-unicellular algae
-2 flagella
-component of phytoplankton
-rapid reproduction (blooms)
37
What are alecomplexans?
parasitic protists
-ex: plasmodium(malaria)
38
What are ciliates?
-predatory protists
-cilia used for locomotion
-two nuclei
39
What are characteristics of Rhizarians?
amoeboid locomotion
-pseudopodia (false foot)
40
What is an example of rhizarians?
-radiolarians
-forams
41
What are radiolarians?
-zooplankton
-silicia skeletons
42
What are forams?
-porous shell
-host to algae symbionts
43
What are characteristics of Archeaplastids?
chloroplasts surrounded by 2 membranes
-ex: green algae, brown algae, landplants
44
What organisms are in Unikonta?
-ex: fungus, animals, protists w/ lobe-pseudopods
45
What is alteration of generations?
haploid and diploid multicellular stages
46
What is the most abundant group of photosynthetic org in the ocean?
Diatoms and dinoflagellates (SAR) in phytoplankton
47
What is conjugation?
two cells swap micronuclei, resulting in two separate copies (from meiosis)
48
What is nuclear fusion?
fusion of nuclei to form diploid micronucleus
49
Why are plants grouped with green and red algae?
-common ancestor
-algae photosynthetic
-contain chloroplast
50
When did land plants evolve and what were the evolutionary drivers?
-algae in dry seasons attached to rocky edges and enabled them to survive
-470-500 mya
51
What is the closest living relative to plants?
Charophye algae
52
What traits support the hypothesis of charophyte algae being the closest living relative to plants?
-lives along edge of freshwater system
-can tolerate short periods of time out of water
53
What are the supportive traits found in land plants?
-cell wall
-peroxisome enzyme (supports photosynthesis)
-flagellated sperm structure
-chlorophyll a&b only (green pigments)
-DNA similarities
54
What are the derived traits?
-alteration of generations
-spores w/ sporopollenin (protection)
-cuticle (wax covering)
-apical meristem
55
What are the functions of cuticle?
-protect tissues from drying out
-protects from microbes
-stomata allow gas exchange on underside (reduces water loss and increases dry period survival)
56
What are the three broad groups of plants?
-non-vascular/bryophytes
-seedless vascular plants
-seed plants
57
What is an example of non-vascular plants?
liverworts, mosses, hornworts
58
What are the characteristics of non-vascular plants/bryophytes?
-no vessels in plant tissues for water distribution and nutrients
-restricted to wet conditions
59
What are the male/female parts of bryophytes?
M: antheridia
F: Archegonia
60
In bryophytes plants the gametophyte is
dominant stage
61
Bryophyte's sporophytes are
dependent of the gametophyte
62
What is an example of seedless vascular plants?
lycophytes/club "mosses" and pterophytes (ferns)
63
What unique traits evolved in vascular plants?
Roots, shoots, vascular system
64
Why is a vascular system important?
-Xylem for water from roots
-Phloem for sugar from leaves
- all cells get materials req. for living
65
What is the male/female part of seedless vascular plants?
M: antheridium
F: archegonium
66
What is the dominant part of the seedless vascular plant's lifecycle?
sporophyte
67
Why are seedless vascular plants important/unique?
left carbonized material humans use for energy in the carboniferous period
68
Do ferns have reduced gametophytes? how many do they produce?
yes; one
69
The gametophyte is independent of
the sporophyte
70
What are the derived traits observed in seed plants?
-heterospores
-gametophytes are microscopic + develop in sporangia, sporophyte nourishes gametophyte
71
What is a seed plant?
seed composed of embryo, food supply and protective coat
-disperses from parent
72
Antheridia houses..
male gametophyte microspore
73
Archegonia houses..
female gametophyte megaspore
74
What are some characteristics of gymnosperms?
-needle-leaves w/ thick cuticles
-NAKED SEEDS/CONES
-conifer forest (largest carbon sink)
EX: evergreen trees (pines)
75
What is the ecological benefit of gymnosperms?
provide food and shelter for org
76
Each scale on cone...
contains ovule
77
Pollen is dispersed by _____ while seeds are dispersed by ______ in gymnosperms
wind; wind
78
What are some characteristics of angiosperms?
-fruit/flower producing
-90% of plants
-co-evolved w/ animals
79
What are ecological benefits to angiosperms?
-pollination for insects/birds
-critical to human agriculture
80
Pollen is dispersed by _____ while seeds are dispersed by ______ in angiosperms
animals/insects; waste from animals/insects in new area
81
What are the male and female parts of angiosperms?
M: Stamen producing pollen grains gametophyte
F: Carpel producing egg+endosperm gametophyte
82
What is unqiue about angiosperms?
double fertilization, sperm cells fertilize egg and central cell to form embryo and endosperm
83
Endosperm is important because...
it is the food source for endosperm
84
Seed coat is important because...
protects embryo
85
What are the organ systems found in plants?
-Shoot
-Root
86
What are the three organs found in plants?
-Shoot: Stems +Leaves
-Root: Roots
87
What are the functions of roots?
-anchor for plants
-absorb materials
-allow growth
-stores energy reserves (reproductive season)
-non-photosynthetic
gametophyte
88
What are characteristics of tap roots?
-vertical growth
-lateral roots that branch off main
-strong anchor
-tall growth
89
Why are these characteristics important for tap roots?
-grow tall= fav. light conditions, distribution of pollen and seed dispersal
-grow deep= able to reach materials
90
What are characteristics of fibrous roots?
-lateral roots w/ own lateral roots
-complicated network of roots tangled w/ other's roots
-thick mat of slender roots
91
Why are these characteristics important?
thick mats prevent erosion
92
What are the modified roots?
-Aerial
-strangling
-storage food
-pneumatophores
93
What are aerial roots?
extend from tree trunk
-prop-roots: support top heavy
-buttress: support large trees (ex: rainfores)
94
What are strangling roots?
parasitic trees that grow on/around other plants
95
What are storage food roots?
enlarged to store water or sugars
-tap root modification
96
What are storage food root examples?
beets and carrots
97
What are pneumatophores?
-small roots that extend from underground to reach back above ground
-absorbs oxygen from air
-typical in mud substrates
98
What are the functions of stems?
-growth
-physical support
-increase exposure to sun
-increase dispersal of pollen/seeds
-supports fruit/flowers
-transport fluids
99
What are nodes and internodes?
nodes: leaf attachment
internodes: segments between leaves
100
What are the two different types of buds?
-apical
-axillary
101
What are apical buds?
growth @ the tips of stems
-site that allows:
growth in width/height
apical meristem
-increases overall width/space due to branches/stems getting longer
102
What are axillary buds?
growth @ nodes
-increases branches on plant
103
What are the modified stems?
-rhizomes
-stolons
-tubers
104
What are rhizomes?
-horizontal stem
-grows UNDERGROUND
-asexual repro
-increases nutrient exposure due to spreading out across landscape
105
What are stolons?
-horizontal stems
-grows ABOVE ground
-asexual repro
-"runners"
ex: strawberry
106
What are tubers?
-enlarged rhizomes/stolons
-used to store sugars
ex: MOST FOOD/POTATOES
107
What are the functions of leaves?
-photosynthesis
-gas exchange from stomata
-defense (fine hairs to protect pores + antibiotic properties)
-store water/sugars
-encourage repro
-decomposition/recycle of material
-support + climbing
108
What are bracts?
colorful leaves to draw in pollinators
109
What are the two diff types of leaves?
simple: one single leaf coming from from axillary bud
compound: complex, branches off from leaf "stem" w/ no axillary buds
110
How to determine types of leaves?
look at axillary buds
111
What are the diff modified leaves?
-tendrils
-spines
-storage
-reproductive
112
What are tendrils?
-threadlike leaf
-cling+support for climbing
113
What are spines?
-protection (cacti)
114
What are storage leaves?
water or sugar
ex: aloe plant
115
what are reproductive leaves?
-petals / bracts highly modified leaves to attract pollinators
116
What is vegetative propogation?
plant reproduces asexually by fragmentation + regeneration of vegetative plant parts
-new plant develops from rhizomes or stolons
117
What are the three plant tissues?
-dermal
-vascular
-ground
118
What is dermal tissue?
-protective coating (outer)
-herbascous: epidermis (thick layer of cells)
-woody: periderm/bark (multiple layers)
119
What is vascular tissue?
divided into xylem and phloem to transport water + sugar
120
What is ground tissue?
-remaining support cells
-pith
-cortex
121
What is the Pith?
internal to vascular
122
What is the cortex?
external to vascular
123
What is apical meristem?
LENGTH
-primary growth
-cells @ tips of roots + shoots go under rapid cell division to create new layers of cells
124
What is lateral meristem?
THICKNESS/GIRTH
-divided into two sections
-Vascular Cambium:
adds xylem and phloem
-Cork Cambium
adds periderm (bark) on woody plants
125
What is lateral meristem?
THICKNESS/GIRTH
-divided into two sections
-Vascular Cambium:
adds xylem and phloem
-Cork Cambium
adds periderm (bark) on woody plants
126
Why is lateral meristem important?
add layer of cells to ensure protection of plant + transport
127
What are the apical and lateral meristem's main motive?
work together for proportional growth of plant
128
Kingdom fungi...
-evolved from unicellular flagellated protists
-shared ancestor w/ animals +chanoflagellates
129
What is absorbtive heterotrophy?
-secrete digestive enzymes that break down food particles in surrounding env., absorb directly through cell membranes
(typically feed on dead org. and absorb them)
130
How is this diff from heterotrophy seen in animals?
-animals eat org directly
-fungi use digestive enzymes
131
What is the general body structure of a fungus?
-mycellium: network of filamentous cells creating complex interwoven body that grows in a substrate
132
What is hypha?
individual tubular cell walls (chitin-rigid) that create the filaments in mycelia
133
What is sepetate hypha?
cross-walls (septa) w/ pores separate cells
-MOST FUNGUS
134
What is coenocytic hypha?
lack septa, continuous mass of cytoplasm w/ freely moving nuclei
-"xenocidic" fungus
135
What are xenocidic fungus?
fungus w/ coenocytic hypha
-influences how they repro
136
What is mycorrhizae?
mutualism between fungus + plants
-fungus dev. specialized hypha (Haustoria) to extract nutrients from plants
-fungi provides phosphates, plants provide sugars
137
What are Haustoria?
specialized hypha used to extract nutrients from plants
138
How do the Haustoria cells transfer materials from plants?
branched extensions of the hypha (ARBUSCLES) that can transfer materials from plants
139
What is the predator relationship of fungi?
specialized hypha to feed on living animals
140
What are the sexual reproductive stages of fungi?
-plasmogamy and karyogamy
-haploid spores (wind/water) grows into mycelia
-hypha from 2 groups come together
141
What is plasmogamy?
Union of cytoplasm + multiple nuclei (takes same from each ind. hyphen)
-Unit: HETEROKARYOTIC
142
What is karyogamy?
fusion of nuclei to create diploid zygote
-only diploid part of lifecycle
-meoisis produce haplois spores and get released by wind/rain
143
What are the asexual reproductive methods?
-mold
-yeast
144
What is mold?
specialized hypha makes spores via mitosis (RAPID)
145
What is yeast?
BUDDING via mitosis, small buds on parent cell break off + spread (RAPID)
146
What are the five groups of fungus?
-Chytrids
-Zoopagomycetes
-Mucoromycetes
-Ascomycetes
-Basidiomycetes
147
What are chytrids?
-'most basal group'
-zoospores (flagella)
-aquatic + unicellular
-decomposers
-parasites
-endosymbionts
-can form colonies
148
What are chytrids?
-'most basal group'
-zoospores (flagella)
-aquatic + unicellular
-decomposers
-parasites
-endosymbionts
-can form colonies
149
What are zoopagomycetes?
-parasities animals/other fungi
-cause of summit disease
150
What are mucoromycetes?
-decomposers
-fast growing via mold spores
-sporangium filled w/ spores
-bread + fruit mold
151
What are Ascomycetes?
produce "ascocarps" as a fruiting body to hold spores
-includes lichen/green algae & mycorrhizae w/ plants
152
What are basidiomycetes?
-MOST DIVERSE
-produces basidiocarps (mushrooms) that hold spores
-oldest living species on the planet
153
What are the valuable ecological roles fungi serve in the environment and across habitats?
-decomposers
-ensure balanced food web
-mutualistic relationship w plants
154
What are some unique adaptations fungi have that allows them to be so successful?
-parasitize org + can change the behavior of them to increase evolutionary fitness
-flexible repro
-rapid growth (mold/yeast)
155
The megaspore of a gymnosperm eventually develops into the
female gametophyte
156
Which feature of plants is responsible for increasing the girth?
lateral meristem
157
Which of the following enables vegetative reproduction in plants?
tubers, stolon, rhizome
158
Periderm is made by the
cork cambium
159
The egg cells of angiosperms are made by the process of
mitosis
160
When you are eating potatoes and carrots, you're eating _____ and ___.
stems and roots
161
Archegonia always produce ______.
one non-motile egg
162
The brown algae has a unique life cycle that is often described as 'alternation of generations'. What exactly does this mean?
Multicellular haploid and diploid stages
163
Plants that have vascular tissue are more versatile than nonvascular plants. The development of vascular tissue enabled plants to _______.
grow taller
164
Diatoms have cell walls made of
silicia
165
You are examining a sample of a newly discovered protist and see that it has hairy flagella. This organism is certainly a _______.
stramenophile
166
Lycophytes are best described as _____.
seedless vascular plants
167
Mycorrhizae is a specialized co-evolved mutualism between some fungi and plants, one by which each organism depends on for its life. Fungi have specialized structures in the mycelium that penetrate plant root cells. These serve as the conduit for exchanging materials back and forth. What are these structures called?
Haustoria
168
You are presented with several single-celled organisms, including one thought to belong to the Kingdom Fungi. What unique feature helps you identify the fungus?
Presence of cell walls made of chitin
169
Karyogamy is ____ and results in the production of a ___.
Fusion of nuclei : diploid zygote
170
Which clade of fungi include decomposers that can grow quickly through the production of mold spores?
Mucoromycetes
171
Which of the following is NOT true of fungi?
They tend to be quite small, never reaching sizes bigger than a small dog
172
What are things true of fungi?
Can be multicellular or unicellular
-Likely evolved from a flagellated protist
-Can be decomposers, predators, and even recyclers
173
The dominant part of the fungus life cycle is always _____
Haploid
174
Yeast is actually a specialized reproductive mechanism utilized by some fungi to ______.
reproduce by budding
175
If you see something with small cilia, what supergroup is it originated from?
Alveolates in SAR
