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Biology 101 > Module 2: Gross Morphology of Vascular Plants > Flashcards

Module 2: Gross Morphology of Vascular Plants Flashcards

1
Q

what are vascular plants?

A

they have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

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2
Q

what makes up a xylem’s wall?

A

lignin

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3
Q

what are the functions of each vascular tissue?

A

xylem is for water conduction while phloem is for photosynthate function also for food conduction

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4
Q

T or F: phloem is lignified

A

F

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5
Q

T or F: phloem flow is bidirectional

A

T

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6
Q

what are the extant vascular plant groups discussed?

A

Lycophytes
Spheophytes
Psilophytes
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

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7
Q

where did the earliest vascular plants descended from?

A

earliest green algae

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8
Q

two groups that descended from green algae that are now extinct

A

Rhyniophytes
Zosterophyllophytes

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9
Q

characteristics of Rhyniophytes

A
  • dichotomous branch terminated in spore capsules called sporangia
  • no leaves
  • Homosporous
  • endarch xylem
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10
Q

oldest Rhyniophyte representative

A

Cooksonia

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11
Q

three distinct characteristics of Zosterophyllophytes

A
  • lateral sporangia
  • sporangia opens traversely along the top edge
  • exarch xylem
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12
Q

describe the xylem positioning of Zosterophyllophytes

A

exarch: protoxylem on the outer margin, metaxylem in the center

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13
Q

T or F: Zosterophyllophytes have secondary growth

A

F, they are small herbs w/o secondary growth

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14
Q

vascular plants that arose from Rhyniophytes

A

seed plants and ferns

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15
Q

vascular plants that arose from Zosterophyllophytes

A

Lycophytes
mosses
liverworts
hornworts

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16
Q

—phylls meaning?

A

leaves

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17
Q

—phores meaning?

A

stalks

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18
Q

sporo— meaning?

A

spores or sporangia-containing

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19
Q

a container for production and storing spores

A

sporangium

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20
Q

types of spore production

A
  • homosporous having one type of spore
  • heterosporous having mega and microspores
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21
Q

types of sporangium

A

megasporangium and microsporangium

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22
Q

what do you call the seedless vascular plants?

A

Pteridophytes

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23
Q

differentiate fern from fern allies

A
  • fern has leafy fronds and megasporophyll w sori
  • fern allies have small, scale-like microsporophyll
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24
Q

how do Pteridophytes reproduce?

A

via spores found in sporangia

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25
Q

two major Phyla under Pteridophytes group

A
  • Lycophyta
  • Pterophyta/ Filicophyta
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26
Q

vascular plants under Phylum Pterophyta

A
  • Sphenophytes
  • Psilophytes
  • true ferns
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27
Q

describe plants in the Silurian Period

A
  • no leaf or roots
  • green photosynthetic stem w sporangia at tip
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28
Q

describe plants in the Devonian Period

A
  • beginning of freshwater algae
  • roots/ root-like structures arose
  • enations present
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29
Q

describe plants in the Carboniferous Period

A
  • dominated tropical/ subtropical
  • forest-forming trees
  • thin woody stems
  • w vascular cambium
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30
Q

characteristics of Lycophytes

A
  • resemble Zosterophyllophytes
  • w microphylls (single vascular tissue)
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31
Q

Genera under Lycophytes

A
  • Lycopodium
  • Selaginella
  • Isoetes
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32
Q

describe Lycopodium

A
  • sporophylls arranged in strobili
  • homosporous
  • on the ground/ epiphytic
  • have rhizomes w adventitious roots
  • stems w spirally arranged microphylls (single vein)
  • gametophyte is underground
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33
Q

mode of reproduction of Lycopodium

A

asexual via:
- rhizomes or runners
- gemmae (at the tip of the stem)

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34
Q

most diverse Lycophyte

A

Selaginella

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35
Q

describe Selaginella

A
  • small herbs w no secondary growth
  • unbranched or dichotomously branched
  • w rhizophores on stem that produce adventitious roots at free ends
  • spirally arranged microphylls
  • sporophylls form strobili
  • w ligules at adaxial side
  • heterosporous
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36
Q

function of ligules

A

to exude water or keep moisture in young leaves and sporangia

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37
Q

how does Selaginella propagate?

A

via tubers, bulbils, dormant buds, and fragmentation

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38
Q

what causes the color of Sellaginella?

A

iridoblast

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39
Q

it is a desert plant that can withstand almost complete dessication

A

resurrection plant or Selaginella lepidophylla

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40
Q

what are plants that have body structure and functions that depend on the availability of water?

A

Poikilohydric plants

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41
Q

describe Isoetes

A
  • aquatic/ semi-aquatic
  • stout, coiled roots at the leaf base; slender, straight near the stem end
  • hollow and quill-like w minute ligule
  • leaf contains single vein w 4 chambers
  • heterosporous
  • spores are covered w velum
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42
Q

difference and similarity of the life cycles of Selaginella and Isoetes

A
  • Isoetes’ ligule contains the mega and microsporangium
  • they are both heterosporous
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43
Q

what are the most primitive vascular plants?

A

Psilophytes

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44
Q

describe Psilotum

A
  • highly simplified ferns
  • upright, dichotomous branching
  • no roots and leaves; w enations
  • rhizoids on rhizome (associated w mycorrhizal fungi)
  • monoecious
  • homosporous
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45
Q

T or F: rhizome is multicellular and diploid

A

F, it is unicellular and diploid

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46
Q

what is mycorrhizae?

A

symbiotic association between fungi and plants

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47
Q

explain the relationship between mycorrhizae and Psilotum

A

mycorrhizae increases the surface area of plants for absorption while Psilotum gives carbs to mycorrhizae

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48
Q

leaf-like structures that are similar to microphylls and is present in Psilotum

A

prophyll

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49
Q

this is the fused sporangia in Psilotum

A

synangium

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50
Q

explain the evolution of stems giving rise to megaphylls

A
  • overtopping
  • planation
  • webbing
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51
Q

T or F: all megaphyllous plants believed to be f monophyletic clade

A

T

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52
Q

difference of megaphylls from microphyll

A
  • more than 1 vein
  • w leaf gap
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53
Q

leaf gaps are also called

A

lacuna

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54
Q

it is the vascular tissue in the stem that is diverted towards the leaf and causes the formation of leaf gaps

A

leaf traces

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55
Q

leaf gaps are filled w what type of cells?

A

parenchyma cells

56
Q

two types of aerial shoots of Equisetum

A

fertile stem and sterile stem

57
Q

Equisetum can cause itching because?

A

of its high silica content

58
Q

describe Equisetum

A
  • have small megaphylls
  • w rhizomes that are vertical
  • w true roots at the nodes of rhizomes
  • homosporous
59
Q

differentiate the shoots/ stems present in Equisetum

A
  • sterile: branched, photosynthetic, w nodes and internodes
  • fertile: unbranched, w terminal strobilus, w leaf sheaths, hollow stem
60
Q

in Equisetum, this is the sporangia-bearing stalk

A

sporangiophore

61
Q

what is the mode of reproduction of Equisetum?

A
  • spores
  • vegetative via tuber in the rhizomes or via branch primordia developing into new branches after decay of old rhizomes
62
Q

special structure found in the spores of Equisetum

A

elaters for swimming

63
Q

T or F: ferns produce secondary xylem

A

F

64
Q

characteristics of the fern sporophyte

A
  • single axis
  • true roots
  • megaphyllous leaves
  • no secondary growth
65
Q

fern that exhibit secondary growth

A

Botrychium

66
Q

this is the expanded leafy part of the frond

A

blade

67
Q

this is the whole fern leaf

A

frond

68
Q

it is the stalk within the blade

A

axis/ rachis

69
Q

a primary division of the fern blade

A

pinna

70
Q

a division of the pinna

A

pinnule

71
Q

what do you call the uncurling frond?

A

fiddlehead

72
Q

the stalk below the blade

A

stalk/ stipe

73
Q

examples of ferns with simple leaves

A

Platycerium and Asplenium

74
Q

characteristics of frond

A
  • may be leathery or delicate
  • almost always compound
  • some have simple leaves
75
Q

it is the midrib of the pinna

A

costa

76
Q

frond division wherein the blades are deeply lobed but not fully divided

A

pinnatifid

77
Q

what are the two kinds of fronds

A

fertile and sterile

78
Q

characteristics of scale or nest frond

A
  • sessile
  • brown sterile
  • captures debris as humus for the plant
  • protect the rhizome from exposure to sunlight and wind
79
Q

functions of scale or nest frond

A
  • laminate the plant against the tree
  • protect the plant from damage
80
Q

characteristics of Platycerium

A
  • has two distinct type of fronds
  • has spores on the underside of the frond
  • looks like a lily pad
81
Q

it is the fertile part of Platycerium that produces spores

A

green bifurcated fronds

82
Q

sterile part of Platycerium

A

flat basal shield leaf

83
Q

the sterile part of Platyceria has a similar function to the scale frond of what plant?

A

Drynaria

84
Q

how is the fiddlehead produced in ferns?

A

cell division in the leaf primordium

85
Q

it is the uncoiling of the fiddlehead

A

circinate vernation

86
Q

where are sori found?

A

on the abaxial side of the leaf; edge of pinna or away from the pinna margin

87
Q

it is a cluster of sporangia

A

sori

88
Q

it is a flap of tissue that protects the sori in ferns

A

sori indusium

89
Q

types of indusium

A

true and false

90
Q

where is the sporangia found in ferns?

A

underside of the frond

91
Q

most ferns produce how many spores in each sporangium?

A

64 spores

92
Q

what is a true indusium?

A

delicate membranous structure on the abaxial side of the pinna and is an epidermal growth

93
Q

what is false indusium?

A

structure formed by the curving of pinnae margins on the adaxial side

94
Q

what is the function of each type of indusium?

A
  • true indusium: covers the sorus and protects the sporangia
  • false indusium: protects the marginal sori
95
Q

it is a distinct characteristic of ferns

A

they have a prothallus

96
Q

what is the fern prothallus?

A

gametophyte of the fern

97
Q

T or F: new fern sporophyte is dependent on the tiny gametophyte

A

T

98
Q

where did cambium arise?

A

Lignophytes: progymnosperms

99
Q

these are the first seed plants

A

Spermatophytes

100
Q

characteristics of spermatophytes

A
  • megasporophylls are arranged in upright cone-like structures
  • microspores germinate into a male gametophyte that produces antheridia and sperm cells and carry out fertilization
101
Q

two subdivisions of spermatophytes

A
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
102
Q

Phylum under Gymnosperms

A
  • Coniferophyta
  • Cycadophyta
  • Gnetophyta
  • Ginkgophyta
103
Q

describe Gymnosperms

A
  • naked ovules
    – borne unprotected on the surface of the megasporophylls
  • seed-bearing plants without ovary
104
Q

characteristics of conifers

A
  • have strong monopodial vegetative growth
  • exhibits strong apical dominance
  • stems and roots with active vascular cambium
  • with well-developed taproot system
  • have thin megaphyllous leaves called needles
  • monoecioius or dioecious
105
Q

what is apical dominance?

A

inhibitory control exercised by the apical portions of the shoot over the growth of the lateral buds below

106
Q

function of conifer needles

A

less surface area for less water evaporation

107
Q

any plant that is adapted to dry habitat

A

xerophytes

108
Q

examples of xerophytic adaptations

A
  • thick fleshy leaves or stems
  • waxy coatings
  • ability to drop leaves during dry periods
  • ability to fold leaves to reduce sunlight absorption
  • hair covering
109
Q

how many years do pine needles last?

A

2 years

110
Q

T or F: Pinus are mostly dioecious

A

F, they are monoecious

111
Q

what is seed-scale complex in pines?

A

pine female cones’ seed scale with its seed bract

112
Q

pine female cones are subtended by what structure?

A

sterile bract

113
Q

T or F: in pines, sperms are flagellated

A

F, non-flagellates and are carried directly to the egg by a pollen tube

114
Q

T or F: pine nuts are not fruits

A

T

115
Q

characteristics of Cycas

A
  • palm-like evergreen plant
  • stem is thick, woody, and unbranched
  • aerial part remains covered by a thick armor of large and small leaf bases
  • count number of crowns for age
116
Q

the aerial trunk of Cycas is called

A

caudex

117
Q

the pinnately compound leaves on top of Cycas is called

A

crown

118
Q

two types of Cycas roots

A
  • normal taproots
  • coralloid roots
119
Q

describe Cycas normal taproot

A
  • positively geotropic
  • no root hairs
  • for anchorage and absorption
120
Q

describe Cycas coralloid roots

A
  • developed as lateral branches
  • get infected with bacteria, fungi, and algae and producing swollen tips
121
Q

two types of leaves in Cycas

A
  • compound foliage leaves
  • scaly leaves
122
Q

what are compound foliage leaves?

A
  • green, large pinnately-compound megaphyllous leaves
  • spiny petiole and a strong, large rachis
  • composes the crown
123
Q

what are scaly leaves?

A
  • small and brown
  • protect reproductive structure and shoot apex
  • alternates with foliage leaves
124
Q

how long does Cycas produce cones?

A

after more than 10 years

125
Q

describe Cycadophyta cones

A
  • strictly dioecious
  • male cone is terminal while megasporophylls are produced in succession with the leaves at the top of the stem
126
Q

where is the Cycadophyta male cone produced?

A

at the shoot apex

127
Q

describe female cones of Cycas

A

composed of large megasporophylls that produce ovules

128
Q

describe Cycadophyta megasporophyll

A
  • modified foliage leaf
  • upper pinnate leafy portion, middle ovule-bearing portion, proximal petiole
129
Q

Phylum which is the missing link between gymnosperm and angiosperm

A

Phylum Gnetophyta

130
Q

describe Gnetophyta

A
  • members are woody shrubs, trees, or vines
  • exhibit angiosperm-like characteristics
  • believed to be the predecessors of flowering plants
  • maybe monoecious or dioecious
  • does not form fruit
  • have vessels in their xylem
131
Q

why is Gnetum called angiosperm-like?

A

they have angiosperm-like leaves with broad, entire-margined lamina with pinnate-reticulate venation and multiple vein orders

132
Q

three genera under gnetophyta

A
  • Ephedra
  • Gnetum
  • Welwitschia
133
Q

describe Gnetophyta cones

A

organized into inflorescence-like structure similar to panicles

134
Q

T or F: Gnetum vessels are homologous to Angiosperm vessels

A

F

135
Q

describe Ginkgophyta

A
  • short and long shoots
  • short shoots bearing the leaves
  • looks like a dicot tree with stout trunk and many branches
  • lacks wood vessels
  • dichotomously-branched veins, broad leaves
  • dioecious without cones
  • pollen resembles a catkin, have stalk, several sporangiophores each have 2 microsporangia
136
Q
A

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