Module 2: Gross Morphology of Vascular Plants Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
what are vascular plants?
A
they have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
2
Q
what makes up a xylem’s wall?
A
lignin
3
Q
what are the functions of each vascular tissue?
A
xylem is for water conduction while phloem is for photosynthate function also for food conduction
4
Q
T or F: phloem is lignified
A
F
5
Q
T or F: phloem flow is bidirectional
A
T
6
Q
what are the extant vascular plant groups discussed?
A
Lycophytes
Spheophytes
Psilophytes
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
7
Q
where did the earliest vascular plants descended from?
A
earliest green algae
8
Q
two groups that descended from green algae that are now extinct
A
Rhyniophytes
Zosterophyllophytes
9
Q
characteristics of Rhyniophytes
A
- dichotomous branch terminated in spore capsules called sporangia
- no leaves
- Homosporous
- endarch xylem
10
Q
oldest Rhyniophyte representative
A
Cooksonia
11
Q
three distinct characteristics of Zosterophyllophytes
A
- lateral sporangia
- sporangia opens traversely along the top edge
- exarch xylem
12
Q
describe the xylem positioning of Zosterophyllophytes
A
exarch: protoxylem on the outer margin, metaxylem in the center
13
Q
T or F: Zosterophyllophytes have secondary growth
A
F, they are small herbs w/o secondary growth
14
Q
vascular plants that arose from Rhyniophytes
A
seed plants and ferns
15
Q
vascular plants that arose from Zosterophyllophytes
A
Lycophytes
mosses
liverworts
hornworts
16
Q
—phylls meaning?
A
leaves
17
Q
—phores meaning?
A
stalks
18
Q
sporo— meaning?
A
spores or sporangia-containing
19
Q
a container for production and storing spores
A
sporangium
20
Q
types of spore production
A
- homosporous having one type of spore
- heterosporous having mega and microspores
21
Q
types of sporangium
A
megasporangium and microsporangium
22
Q
what do you call the seedless vascular plants?
A
Pteridophytes
23
Q
differentiate fern from fern allies
A
- fern has leafy fronds and megasporophyll w sori
- fern allies have small, scale-like microsporophyll
24
Q
how do Pteridophytes reproduce?
A
via spores found in sporangia
25
two major Phyla under Pteridophytes group
- Lycophyta
- Pterophyta/ Filicophyta
26
vascular plants under Phylum Pterophyta
- Sphenophytes
- Psilophytes
- true ferns
27
describe plants in the Silurian Period
- no leaf or roots
- green photosynthetic stem w sporangia at tip
28
describe plants in the Devonian Period
- beginning of freshwater algae
- roots/ root-like structures arose
- enations present
29
describe plants in the Carboniferous Period
- dominated tropical/ subtropical
- forest-forming trees
- thin woody stems
- w vascular cambium
30
characteristics of Lycophytes
- resemble Zosterophyllophytes
- w microphylls (single vascular tissue)
31
Genera under Lycophytes
- Lycopodium
- Selaginella
- Isoetes
32
describe Lycopodium
- sporophylls arranged in strobili
- homosporous
- on the ground/ epiphytic
- have rhizomes w adventitious roots
- stems w spirally arranged microphylls (single vein)
- gametophyte is underground
33
mode of reproduction of Lycopodium
asexual via:
- rhizomes or runners
- gemmae (at the tip of the stem)
34
most diverse Lycophyte
Selaginella
35
describe Selaginella
- small herbs w no secondary growth
- unbranched or dichotomously branched
- w rhizophores on stem that produce adventitious roots at free ends
- spirally arranged microphylls
- sporophylls form strobili
- w ligules at adaxial side
- heterosporous
36
function of ligules
to exude water or keep moisture in young leaves and sporangia
37
how does Selaginella propagate?
via tubers, bulbils, dormant buds, and fragmentation
38
what causes the color of Sellaginella?
iridoblast
39
it is a desert plant that can withstand almost complete dessication
resurrection plant or Selaginella lepidophylla
40
what are plants that have body structure and functions that depend on the availability of water?
Poikilohydric plants
41
describe Isoetes
- aquatic/ semi-aquatic
- stout, coiled roots at the leaf base; slender, straight near the stem end
- hollow and quill-like w minute ligule
- leaf contains single vein w 4 chambers
- heterosporous
- spores are covered w velum
42
difference and similarity of the life cycles of Selaginella and Isoetes
- Isoetes' ligule contains the mega and microsporangium
- they are both heterosporous
43
what are the most primitive vascular plants?
Psilophytes
44
describe Psilotum
- highly simplified ferns
- upright, dichotomous branching
- no roots and leaves; w enations
- rhizoids on rhizome (associated w mycorrhizal fungi)
- monoecious
- homosporous
45
T or F: rhizome is multicellular and diploid
F, it is unicellular and diploid
46
what is mycorrhizae?
symbiotic association between fungi and plants
47
explain the relationship between mycorrhizae and Psilotum
mycorrhizae increases the surface area of plants for absorption while Psilotum gives carbs to mycorrhizae
48
leaf-like structures that are similar to microphylls and is present in Psilotum
prophyll
49
this is the fused sporangia in Psilotum
synangium
50
explain the evolution of stems giving rise to megaphylls
- overtopping
- planation
- webbing
51
T or F: all megaphyllous plants believed to be f monophyletic clade
T
52
difference of megaphylls from microphyll
- more than 1 vein
- w leaf gap
53
leaf gaps are also called
lacuna
54
it is the vascular tissue in the stem that is diverted towards the leaf and causes the formation of leaf gaps
leaf traces
55
leaf gaps are filled w what type of cells?
parenchyma cells
56
two types of aerial shoots of Equisetum
fertile stem and sterile stem
57
Equisetum can cause itching because?
of its high silica content
58
describe Equisetum
- have small megaphylls
- w rhizomes that are vertical
- w true roots at the nodes of rhizomes
- homosporous
59
differentiate the shoots/ stems present in Equisetum
- sterile: branched, photosynthetic, w nodes and internodes
- fertile: unbranched, w terminal strobilus, w leaf sheaths, hollow stem
60
in Equisetum, this is the sporangia-bearing stalk
sporangiophore
61
what is the mode of reproduction of Equisetum?
- spores
- vegetative via tuber in the rhizomes or via branch primordia developing into new branches after decay of old rhizomes
62
special structure found in the spores of Equisetum
elaters for swimming
63
T or F: ferns produce secondary xylem
F
64
characteristics of the fern sporophyte
- single axis
- true roots
- megaphyllous leaves
- no secondary growth
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fern that exhibit secondary growth
Botrychium
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this is the expanded leafy part of the frond
blade
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this is the whole fern leaf
frond
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it is the stalk within the blade
axis/ rachis
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a primary division of the fern blade
pinna
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a division of the pinna
pinnule
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what do you call the uncurling frond?
fiddlehead
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the stalk below the blade
stalk/ stipe
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examples of ferns with simple leaves
Platycerium and Asplenium
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characteristics of frond
- may be leathery or delicate
- almost always compound
- some have simple leaves
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it is the midrib of the pinna
costa
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frond division wherein the blades are deeply lobed but not fully divided
pinnatifid
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what are the two kinds of fronds
fertile and sterile
78
characteristics of scale or nest frond
- sessile
- brown sterile
- captures debris as humus for the plant
- protect the rhizome from exposure to sunlight and wind
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functions of scale or nest frond
- laminate the plant against the tree
- protect the plant from damage
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characteristics of Platycerium
- has two distinct type of fronds
- has spores on the underside of the frond
- looks like a lily pad
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it is the fertile part of Platycerium that produces spores
green bifurcated fronds
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sterile part of Platycerium
flat basal shield leaf
83
the sterile part of Platyceria has a similar function to the scale frond of what plant?
Drynaria
84
how is the fiddlehead produced in ferns?
cell division in the leaf primordium
85
it is the uncoiling of the fiddlehead
circinate vernation
86
where are sori found?
on the abaxial side of the leaf; edge of pinna or away from the pinna margin
87
it is a cluster of sporangia
sori
88
it is a flap of tissue that protects the sori in ferns
sori indusium
89
types of indusium
true and false
90
where is the sporangia found in ferns?
underside of the frond
91
most ferns produce how many spores in each sporangium?
64 spores
92
what is a true indusium?
delicate membranous structure on the abaxial side of the pinna and is an epidermal growth
93
what is false indusium?
structure formed by the curving of pinnae margins on the adaxial side
94
what is the function of each type of indusium?
- true indusium: covers the sorus and protects the sporangia
- false indusium: protects the marginal sori
95
it is a distinct characteristic of ferns
they have a prothallus
96
what is the fern prothallus?
gametophyte of the fern
97
T or F: new fern sporophyte is dependent on the tiny gametophyte
T
98
where did cambium arise?
Lignophytes: progymnosperms
99
these are the first seed plants
Spermatophytes
100
characteristics of spermatophytes
- megasporophylls are arranged in upright cone-like structures
- microspores germinate into a male gametophyte that produces antheridia and sperm cells and carry out fertilization
101
two subdivisions of spermatophytes
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
102
Phylum under Gymnosperms
- Coniferophyta
- Cycadophyta
- Gnetophyta
- Ginkgophyta
103
describe Gymnosperms
- naked ovules
-- borne unprotected on the surface of the megasporophylls
- seed-bearing plants without ovary
104
characteristics of conifers
- have strong monopodial vegetative growth
- exhibits strong apical dominance
- stems and roots with active vascular cambium
- with well-developed taproot system
- have thin megaphyllous leaves called needles
- monoecioius or dioecious
105
what is apical dominance?
inhibitory control exercised by the apical portions of the shoot over the growth of the lateral buds below
106
function of conifer needles
less surface area for less water evaporation
107
any plant that is adapted to dry habitat
xerophytes
108
examples of xerophytic adaptations
- thick fleshy leaves or stems
- waxy coatings
- ability to drop leaves during dry periods
- ability to fold leaves to reduce sunlight absorption
- hair covering
109
how many years do pine needles last?
2 years
110
T or F: Pinus are mostly dioecious
F, they are monoecious
111
what is seed-scale complex in pines?
pine female cones' seed scale with its seed bract
112
pine female cones are subtended by what structure?
sterile bract
113
T or F: in pines, sperms are flagellated
F, non-flagellates and are carried directly to the egg by a pollen tube
114
T or F: pine nuts are not fruits
T
115
characteristics of Cycas
- palm-like evergreen plant
- stem is thick, woody, and unbranched
- aerial part remains covered by a thick armor of large and small leaf bases
- count number of crowns for age
116
the aerial trunk of Cycas is called
caudex
117
the pinnately compound leaves on top of Cycas is called
crown
118
two types of Cycas roots
- normal taproots
- coralloid roots
119
describe Cycas normal taproot
- positively geotropic
- no root hairs
- for anchorage and absorption
120
describe Cycas coralloid roots
- developed as lateral branches
- get infected with bacteria, fungi, and algae and producing swollen tips
121
two types of leaves in Cycas
- compound foliage leaves
- scaly leaves
122
what are compound foliage leaves?
- green, large pinnately-compound megaphyllous leaves
- spiny petiole and a strong, large rachis
- composes the crown
123
what are scaly leaves?
- small and brown
- protect reproductive structure and shoot apex
- alternates with foliage leaves
124
how long does Cycas produce cones?
after more than 10 years
125
describe Cycadophyta cones
- strictly dioecious
- male cone is terminal while megasporophylls are produced in succession with the leaves at the top of the stem
126
where is the Cycadophyta male cone produced?
at the shoot apex
127
describe female cones of Cycas
composed of large megasporophylls that produce ovules
128
describe Cycadophyta megasporophyll
- modified foliage leaf
- upper pinnate leafy portion, middle ovule-bearing portion, proximal petiole
129
Phylum which is the missing link between gymnosperm and angiosperm
Phylum Gnetophyta
130
describe Gnetophyta
- members are woody shrubs, trees, or vines
- exhibit angiosperm-like characteristics
- believed to be the predecessors of flowering plants
- maybe monoecious or dioecious
- does not form fruit
- have vessels in their xylem
131
why is Gnetum called angiosperm-like?
they have angiosperm-like leaves with broad, entire-margined lamina with pinnate-reticulate venation and multiple vein orders
132
three genera under gnetophyta
- Ephedra
- Gnetum
- Welwitschia
133
describe Gnetophyta cones
organized into inflorescence-like structure similar to panicles
134
T or F: Gnetum vessels are homologous to Angiosperm vessels
F
135
describe Ginkgophyta
- short and long shoots
- short shoots bearing the leaves
- looks like a dicot tree with stout trunk and many branches
- lacks wood vessels
- dichotomously-branched veins, broad leaves
- dioecious without cones
- pollen resembles a catkin, have stalk, several sporangiophores each have 2 microsporangia
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