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BIO 104 > Module 2: Lower Plants > Flashcards

Module 2: Lower Plants Flashcards

(139 cards)

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1
Q

What kingdom do plants belong to?

A

Plantae

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2
Q

What is the second largest kingdom?

A

Plantae

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3
Q

What were the first terrestrial organisms?

A

Plantae

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4
Q

Terrestrial

A

Living organisms that live and grow on land

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5
Q

Name 9 characteristics of plants

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Multicellular
  3. Gains nutrients through photosynthesis
  4. Cell walls made of cellulose
  5. Absence of sensory system, nervous system, and organs for movement
  6. Alternates between haploid and diploid generations
  7. Autotrophic
  8. Contain chloroplasts to conduct photosynthesis
  9. Large central vacuole holds water and keeps plants turgid
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6
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism whose basic structural unit is a cell containing specialized organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus

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7
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that produces its own food

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8
Q

Haploid

A

Cells containing one set of chromosomes

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9
Q

Diploid

A

Cells containing two sets of chromosomes

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10
Q

What organisms are capable of photosynthesis?

A

Only plants

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11
Q

What differentiates plants from other organisms?

A

Photosynthesis

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12
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green algae

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13
Q

Green Algae

A

Chlorophyta

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14
Q

What kingdom does green algae belong to?

A

Protista

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15
Q

What phylum does green algae belong to?

A

Chlorophyta

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16
Q

What kingdom is considered the ancestor of modern day plants?

A

Protista

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17
Q

Name two notable features of green algae

A
  1. Single-celled
  2. Live in watery habitats
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18
Q

Habitat

A

The natural home or environment of a plant, animal, or other organism

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19
Q

What is a primary problem plants on land face?

A

Need for water

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20
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

An arrangement of multiple cell types in vascular plants which allows for the transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis to be transported throughout the plant

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21
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissue?

A

Xylem and Phloem

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22
Q

Xylem

A

Type of vascular tissues that transports water through a plant

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23
Q

Phloem

A

Type of vascular tissue that transports carbs through a plant

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24
Q

What are two plant features that are determined by the amount of vascular tissue it possesses?

A

Size and how close it must live to water

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25
What are the two basic methods of plant reproduction?
Swimming sperm cells and flying sperm cells
26
What are two plant features that are determined by the basic method of reproduction it uses?
Size and how close it must live to water
27
What are the three categories of plants based on how much vascular tissue they possess?
Non-vascular, Seedless Vascular/Semi-Vascular, Seed Plants/True Vascular
28
How do nonvascular plants reproduce?
Spores/swimming sperm cells
29
Spore
A typically one-celled reproductive unit capable of asexual reproduction
30
What types of plants are considered "Lower Plants"?
Nonvascular and Semi-vascular plants
31
What category of plants do mosses belong to based on the amount of vascular tissue they hold?
Nonvascular
32
What category of plants do liverworts belong to based on the amount of vascular tissue they hold?
Nonvascular
33
How do semi-vascular plants reproduce?
Spores/swimming sperm cells
34
How do vascular plants reproduce?
Seeds/flying sperm cells
35
Gymnosperm
A plant whose seeds are unprotected by flowers or fruits
36
Angiosperm
A plant whose seeds are protected by flowers or fruits
37
What plants are considered to be "Higher Plants"?
Vascular plants
38
Liverworts
Hepaticophyta
39
Hepaticophyta
Liverworts
40
Hepatic
Liver
41
Wort
Tiny plant
42
Phyta
Plant
43
How many species of liverworts are there?
6,500
44
Thallus
A plant body that is not differentiated into stems and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system
45
Heterosporous
Distinct and separate male and female plants
46
Gemmae Cups
Asexual, cup-shaped reproductive structures
47
Zone of Saturation
The ground immediately below the water table in which all pores and fractures are saturated with water
48
Name 6 features of liverworts
1. Fingernail sized 2. Nonvascular 3. Can only live in a zone of saturation 4. Thallus; green, leafy body 5. Heterosporous 6. Contains gemmae cups
49
Anthocerophyta
Hornworts
50
Hornworts
Anthocerophyta
51
How many species of hornworts are there?
100
52
Homosporous
Combined sexes in a single plant
53
Name 5 features of hornworts.
1. Nonvascular 2. Can only live in a "zone of saturation" 3. Thallus; green, leafy body 4. Horn-shaped reproductive structure 5. Homosporous
54
Bryophyta
Mosses
55
Mosses
Bryophyta
56
How many species of mosses are there?
10,000+
57
Archegonium
Egg-producing structure
58
Antheridium
Sperm-producing structure
59
Stalk & Capsule
A structure found in female plants that produces spores
60
Name 4 features of mosses
1. Heterosporous 2. Has an archegonium 3. Has an antheridium 4. Has a stalk & capsule
61
Sphagnum
Peat Moss
62
Peat Moss
Sphagnum
63
What are some past uses of peat moss?
Surgical dressings, diapers, lamp wicks, bedding, stable litter
64
What are some current uses of peat moss?
Used in potting soil and seed starters to help retain moisture
65
What are some past uses for spanish moss?
Stuffing material, insulation and mulch
66
What type of plant is moss?
Bromeliad, not moss
67
How did reindeer moss get its name?
It serves as pasture for reindeer, moose, caribou, etc. in the north
68
What kingdom does reindeer moss belong to?
Fungi
69
Pterophyta
True ferns
70
True ferns
Pterophyta
71
How many species of true ferns are there?
12,000+
72
Megaphyll
Large leaf
73
Frond
Leaf or leaf-like part of palm, fern, or similar plant
74
Pinnule
Any of the ultimate leaflets of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf
75
Fiddlehead
An immature fern leaf with a distinctive curled end
76
Vestigial
Degenerate body structures that seem to have lost their original function in the species over an evolutionary timescale
77
Rhizome
Horizontal, above ground stem
78
Name 6 features of true ferns
1. Megaphylls 2. Fronds 3. Pinnule 4. Fiddleheads 5. Vestigial roots 6. Rhizome stems
79
Gametophyte
A plant that forms gametes (sex cells)
80
Prothallus
Green, heart-shaped reproductive structure
81
Antheridium
A haploid structure or organ producing and creating male gametes
82
Archegonia
Flask-shaped female sex organs of bryophytes, lower vascular plants, and some gymnospores
83
Sorus
A yellow-brown cluster of structures that produce spores
84
Sporangium
A structure within which spores are produced
85
What do fern spores grow into?
Prothallus
86
Indusium
Protective cap over the sorus
87
Hygroscopic Operation
Attracting and holding water molecules via either absorption or adsorption from the surrounding environment
88
When gender are ferns?
Hermaphroditic
89
Osmundo cinnamomea
Cinnamon fern
90
Cinnamon fern
Osmundo cinnamomea
91
Name three features of cinnamon ferns
1. Largest fern in North America 2. Dimorphic 3. Edible fertile fronds
92
Osmunda regalis
Royal Fern
93
Royal Fern
Osmunda regalis
94
Name two features of royal ferns
1. Grow in standing water 2. Golden reproductive leaves on top of plant look like a crown
95
Polypodium polypodioides
Resurrection Fern
96
Resurrection Fern
Polypodium polypodioides
97
Name three features of the resurrection fern
1. Grows on tree bark surfaces 2. Turns brown and looks dead in dry weather 3. Returns to green after rain
98
Pteridium aquilinum
Bracken fern
99
Bracken Fern
Pteridium aquilinum
100
Name two features of bracken ferns
1. Toxic if eaten 2. Inhabits hot, dry places
101
Aspenium platyneuron
Ebony spleenwort
102
Ebony spleenwort
Aspenium platyneuron
103
Name two features of the ebony spleenwort
1. Small fern 2. Black stem
104
Lorinseria areolata
Netted chain fern
105
Netted Chain Fern
Lorinseria areolata
106
Name one distinctive feature of the netted chain fern
Reproductive leaves resemble links of a chain
107
Polystichum acrostichoides
Christmas fern
108
Christmas Fern
Polystichum acrostichoides
109
Name three features of the Christmas fern
1. Evergreen fern 2. Used for Christmas decorations 3. Ancestor of house plant ferns
110
Azolla caroliniana
Mosquito fern
111
Mosquito Fern
Azolla caroliniana
112
Name three features of the mosquito fern
1. Floating fern 2. World's smallest fern 3. Will sometimes cover the entire water surface, preventing mosquitoes and other insects from laying eggs
113
Asplenium tutwilerae
Tutwiler Fern
114
Tutwiler Fern
Asplenium tutwilerae
115
Name 2 features of the Tutwiler Fern
1. Only grows in North Hale County, Alabama 2. Discovered by Julia Tutwiler
116
Who was Julia Tutwiler?
An education pioneer who advocated for women's education, a prison reformer, and an amateur botanist; founded the university that would go on to become Montevallo University
117
Onoclea sensibilis
Sensitive Bead Fern
118
Sensitive Bead Fern
Onoclea sensibilis
119
List two features of the sensitive bead fern
1. Leaves are sensitive and close up on contact 2. Reproductive leaves look like beads or coffee beans
120
Sphenophyta
Horsetails, Pipes, Scouring Rushes
121
Horsetails, Pipes, Scouring Rushes
Sphenophyta
122
What type of plant are horsetails based on the amount of vascular tissue in their structures?
Semi-vascular
123
What is the only extant member of the sphenophyta phylum?
Equisetum
124
Name five features of the stems of equisetum
1. Hollow 2. Photosynthetic 3. Incorporate sediments to deter herbivores 4. Pencil diameter 5. Maximum of 2 feet tall
125
Name two features of the leaves of equisetum
1. Scale or straw-like 2. Resemble horse's tail
126
What is one noticeable feature of the strobilus of the equisetum?
Cone-shaped
127
Coal Age
Geologic time period when the earth was covered with swamp forests and plants like calamites grew to enormous size; coal deposits of our time were once plants in the Coal Age
128
Name three features of calamites
1. Extinct horsetail 2. 30 to 50 feet tall 3. 5 to 10 inches in diameter
129
What's another name for the Coal Age?
Carboniferous Period
130
Lycophyta
Club Moss
131
Club Moss
Lycophyta/Lycopodium/Lepidodendron
132
Lycopodium
Club Moss
133
Name four features of the lycopodium club moss
1. Extant member of lycophyta 2. Very small today, 2 to 4 inches tall 3. Short tiny leaves that resemble wolf paws 4. Club-shaped strobili forms spores
134
Lepidodendron
Club Moss
135
Name three features of the lepidendron club moss
1. Extinct giant club moss 2. Major coal-producing plant in the Coal Age 3. Bark pattern resembles leopard spots
136
Psilotophyta
Whisk Ferns
137
Whisk Ferns
Psilotophyta
138
What is the only member of the whisk ferns phylum?
Psilotem nudem
139
Name two features of the psilotem nudem
1. Green, photosynthetic stem 2. Naked, no leaves

BIO 104 (2 decks)

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