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Meat Science > Module 2 Muscle Growth And Development > Flashcards

Module 2 Muscle Growth And Development Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is the normal process of increase in size produced by accretion of tissues similar in constitution to those of the original tissue or organ

A

Growth

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2
Q

How do animals grow?

A

Increase in height, length, girth, and weight. Size and weight of structural tissues increases

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3
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of existing cells

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4
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Multiplication or production of new cells through mitosis or prenatally. No Change in cell size

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5
Q

What is accretionary growth

A

Increase in extra cellular material

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6
Q

What is true growth vs fattening

A

True growth is an increase in muscle tissue

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7
Q

What is net growth

A

Tissue synthesis minus tissue degradation

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8
Q

Growth is liner true or false

A

False

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9
Q

Why is growth not linear

A

Proteins turn over every 21 days

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10
Q

What is development

A

Gradually progressing from a lower complexity to a higher complexity

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11
Q

What is differentiation

A

Process by which cells and organs acquire completely individual characteristics.. progressive diversification of cells of embryo into muscle cells, brain cells, liver cells, etc

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12
Q

What is morphogenesis

A

Organization of various dividing cells into specific organs

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13
Q

What is maturation

A

Process of becoming fully developed and reaching the highest stage of complexity

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14
Q

What is senescence

A

When individual tissues and organ are no longer maintained in their mature form and undergo degenerative changes

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15
Q

What are the 3 phases of prenatal growth

A

Ovum, embryonic, prenatal/fetal

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16
Q

What is the ovum stage

A

Fertilization to gastrulation (when primary cell layers develop: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

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17
Q

What is the embryonic stage

A

Differentiation of organs, tissues, and systems

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18
Q

When is the most prenatal growth

A

Last 1/3

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19
Q

What determines the length of gestation

A

Animal complexity

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20
Q

What is myogenesis

A

The molecular, biochemical, and morphological events that occur during the formation of muscle fibers

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21
Q

When does myogenesis occur

A

Prenatally

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22
Q

What type of cells does myogenesis form

A

Multinucleated muscle cells

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23
Q

What are myoblasts

A

Muscle precursor cells that fuse to form fibers

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24
Q

What is proliferated mitosis

A

Creation of daughter cells identical to parent cells

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25
What are the steps of myogenesis
Multipotent stem cells undergo proliferation and differentiation, becoming myoblasts. Myoblasts line up and fuse forming a myotube, which forms muscle fibers
26
What type of cell growth occurs prenatal
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
27
What kind of growth occurs postnallay
Only hypertrophy (no new cells after birth)
28
How do muscle fibers grow postnatally
Increase in length, adding sarcomeres to each myofibril
29
How to muscle cells grow postnatally
Increase in diameter, adding new myofibrils in each cell
30
What happens to the rate of myofibril growth over time?
Growth levels off
31
Fiber number is _____ at birth
Fixed
32
Hypertrophy results in increased:
Muscle cell size and weight
33
dna/protein ratio must remain constant in the cell during hypertrophy true or false
True
34
Why is more DNA needed for protein accumulation and cell growth?
The ratio must be constant
35
What must there be more of in order to provide extra DNA for hypertrophy cells
Nuclei
36
How is nuclei obtained for extra DNA for hypertrophy
Satellite cells
37
What are satellite cells
Non-fused myoblasts present in muscle cells after birth
38
What happens to satellite cells as animals age?
Decrease
39
What happens to growth when satellite cells decrease
Muscle growth is slower
40
What two things can increase muscle diameter
Fat cells and connective tissue
41
Where does termination of a muscle fiber occur?
Throughout the muscle, not just at the end
42
All muscle fibers are ______ at birth meaning they are:
Type 1: Red, with the most oxidation requirements
43
What happens to muscle fibers after birth?
Differentiation into White and intermediate types
44
Why do fibers differentiate into other types after birth?
Nerve influence and sequence of morphological changes experienced by developing fibers (exercise)
45
What is a fibroblast
Precursor cell to connective tissue, developing into tropocollagen, tropoelastin, and ground substance
46
Amount of connective tissue is related to:
Muscle function
47
Quality of collagen changes with:
Age (decreases with age)
48
Where would you find the most connective tissue: back or limbs?
Limbs
49
What gradually develops into lobes and lobules that are enclosed in collage our fibers and supplied with blood capillaries
Adipose tissue
50
What is an adipoblast
Starts to accumulate lipids
51
What is an adipocyte
Filled with lipid
52
Which is larger, adipoblast or adipocyte
Adipocyte
53
What is another term for visceral fats
Internal fats
54
What is KPH fat?
Visceral fats (Perirenal fat, pericardial fat, Mesenteric)
55
What is perirenal fat
Kidney fat
56
What is pericardial fat
Heart fat
57
What is mesenteric fat
Intestinal fat
58
What is subcutaneous fat
Just under the skin, fat used for yield grading, undesirable for cutability
59
What is Intermuscular fat
Fat between muscles, seam fat, undesirable for cutability
60
What is intramuscular fat
Fat within muscle, marbling, desirable for palatable to and quality grades
61
What is intracellular fat
Membrane phospholipids, most responsible for beef flavor development
62
What fat is the first deposited?
Internal fat
63
What is the first fat utilized
Intramuscular
64
Why do beef need fed for a long period
Marbling is deposited last
65
Growth of adipose tissue is highly _________ and depends on:
Variable: Genetics, calories fed
66
As fat percentage increases, what happens to moisture and protein?
Both decrease
67
What is the leanest gender for cattle
Bulls
68
What is the fattest gender for cattle
Heifers
69
What is the leanest gender for sheep?
Ram
70
What is the fattest gender for sheep?
Ewes
71
What is the leanest gender for hogs?
Boars
72
What is the fattest gender for hogs?
Barrows

Meat Science (2 decks)

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