Module 2: Organelles & Energy

Question 1

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

Organism whose cells contain a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles

Question 2

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

Unicellular organism that lacks nucleus and has no organelles

Question 3

Photosynthesis

Answer 3

Used to convey light energy into chemical energy (which is stored in bonds of carbohydrates molecules)

Question 4

Thylakoids

Answer 4

Hundreds of flattened and stacked membranes

Within membrane are pigments and enzymes which participate in photosynthesis

Question 5

Grana

Answer 5

Stacks of thylakoids organized into piles

Question 6

Chloroplasts

Answer 6

In plant cells
Enables photosynthesis
Have double membrane

Question 7

Cellular respiration

Answer 7

Process used by plants and animals cells to release chemical energy stored in bonds of carbohydrates and partially capture it in the form of ATP

Question 8

Mitochondria

Answer 8

In plant and animal cells
Generates energy (ATP)from food
Has 2 membranes:
1) outer membrane which surrounds organelles
2) inner membrane connected to series of sac-like structures (cristae)

Question 9

Different compartments contain:

Answer 9

1) unique set of enzymes

2) produce and contain different products

Question 10

Advantage to different compartments?

Answer 10

1) specific enzymes for specific functions can be kept in close proximity
2) incompatible processes (synthesis/degradation) can be kept separate to not interfere with each other

Question 11

Increasing membrane surface area can:

Answer 11

Increase potential metabolic capacity across membrane

Question 12

Photosynthesis process

Answer 12

• light energy transformed into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) and enters Calvin cycle
• in Calvin cycle, NADPH and ATP are used to drive réduction of CO2 into carbohydrates

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Answer 13

Most abundant sources of ATP

Formed by polymerization of monosaccharides through glycosidic bonds to form complex sugars (disaccharides)

Question 14

Polysaccharides

Answer 14

Many monosaccharides linked together

Question 15

Starch
Function
2 types

Answer 15

Used for energy storage in plant cells
2 types:
1) unbranched amylose -alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage
2) branched amylopectin - 1-6 glycosidic linkage

Question 16

Glycogen

Function

Answer 16

Used for energy storage in animal cells
When starch consumed, store carbohydrates in highly branched glycogen hélices
Can be broken down into glucose through CR to produce ATP

Question 17

1) glycolysis

Answer 17

Results in production of 2 molecules of 3-carbon compound (pyruvate) from each glucose molecules
Occurs in cytosol
Which leads to production of 2 mol ATP and2 NADH

Question 18

2) pyruvate

Answer 18

Pyruvate processed to form acetyl-CoA -free to enter mitochondrial matrix-while producing CO2 and NADH

Question 19

3) Citric/Krebs Cycle

Answer 19

Acetyl-CoA is further processed producing ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH2

Question 20

4)ETC

Answer 20

Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane/cristae
Produce another 32 mol ATP

Electrons transfer through ETC proteins complexes and protons pumped into intermembrane spaces
Creates electrochemical conc. Gradient across inner membrane that drives protons through ATP synthase protein channels =synthesis of 32ATP

Question 21

ATP

Answer 21

3 phosphate groups attached to ribose sugar and adenine
Potential energy released and harnessed during hydrolysis
- ATP react with water breaking off one phosphate group =formation of ADP and inorganic phosphate

Question 22

Endomembrane system

Answer 22

Group of organelles in eukaryotic cells that perform most lipid and protein synthesis; endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes