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Biology > Module 2 - Organisation of living things > Flashcards

Module 2 - Organisation of living things Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three domains life can be classified into?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya (eukaryotes)

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2
Q

What is specialisation?

A

When cells are specialised to complete a specific function they are said to differentiate. Every differentiated cell comes from stem cells.

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3
Q

What are the types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells (universal) and adult stem cells (less versatility).

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4
Q

What are the three types of plant tissues?

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of parenchyma tissues?

A

Having open areas of intracellular space, and efficient photosynthesis due to gas exchange in open areas.

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of Collenchyma tissues

A

Thick cell wall supports the plant but still is able to conduct photosynthesis.

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of sclerenchyma tissues

A

Thick, lignified cell wall provides strong support and defence.

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8
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal, Smooth Muscle, and cardiac

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9
Q

What is the structure and function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Long cylindrical fibres that are striated which allows for voluntary movement.

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of Smooth muscle tissues

A

Short with no striation, surrounding organs, moves liquid, and foods.

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of Cardiac Muscle tissue

A

Short, striated, branched, connected by discs. They are able to systematically contract to pump blood.

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12
Q

Advantages of multicellular organisms

A

Energy efficient due to specific functions per cell, Genetic diversity and more systems allows for adaptation to short term and long term environmental changes. Increased size and mobility helps find ideal conditions and specific systems allow for them not to be limited by SA:V.

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13
Q

Disadvantages to multicellular organisms

A

Cant function independently, high energy usage, slower mutation rates

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14
Q

What is the hierarchy of multicellular organisms

A

Organelles > Specialised cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems > Organism

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15
Q

What is an Autotroph

A

Makes their own energy from inorganic matter turning into organic compounds. Undergoes carbon fixation (Calvin cycle)

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16
Q

What is a heterotroph

A

Cant undergo carbon fixation, Must consume organic compounds, depend on autotrophs indirectly or directly.

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17
Q

Types of Autotrophs

A

Photosynthetic (carbon fixation from solar energy), and Chemosynthetic (Carbon fixation from oxidation of inorganic molecules)

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18
Q

Types of Heterotrophs

A

Photoheterotroph (Uses solar energy as a source of energy but cant fix carbon, requires consumption for growth and renewal), and Chemoheterotroph (Consume organic compounds and convert to energy through cellular respiration.)

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19
Q

What is the structure and function of the cuticle

A

Thin, waxy, waterproof layer on the surface of the leaves, protects the cells below and prevents water loss.

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20
Q

What is the structure and function of the epidermis

A

Transparent and thin layer below the cuticle, further protects inner cells and allows light to pass

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21
Q

What is the structure and function of Palisade Mesophyll

A

Tightly packed columns of cells containing chloroplasts at the top of the leaf, main site for photosynthesis in leaves.

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22
Q

What is the structure and function of spongy mesophyll

A

Loosely packed rounded cells with large amounts of intracellular space, allows for gas exchange between the palisade mesophyll and the stomata.

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23
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis, containing green pigment chlorophyll and with an oval shape

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24
Q

What is the Granum

A

Stacks of thylakoid discs containing chlorophyll, site of light dependent phase of photosynthesis. Large surface area allows products to diffuse out easily

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25
What is the stroma
Fluid within the chloroplast and around the granum, site of light independent phase of photosynthesis.
26
Function of roots
Anchor the plants to the soil, absorbs water and mineral ions, support the plant
27
Structure to support function for roots
Root tip has a cap to protect the plants roots as they push through the soil. The tip is also the area of cell division, further along the root is the area of elongation where the cells stretch to push plant upwards. Hairs on the roots increase SA to increase absorption.
28
What is the Xylem
Transport of water up the plant, made of two types of tissue, xylem vessel, and tracheids. Walls are thickened by lignin for support. Perforated to allow movement of water out of xylem.
29
What is the Phloem structure and function
Movement of glucose and other nutrients around the plant, made up of sieve tubes and companion cells. sieve tubes are cells one on top of another connected by a perforated sieve plate. Companion cells use active transport.
30
What are the three methods of water transport in plants
Transpiration, Cohesion-adhesion, and root pressure.
31
What is transpiration?
The movement of water up the plant via a concentration gradient.
32
What is cohesion
The attractive force between water molecules, keeps a continuous column in the xylem.
33
What is adhesion?
The attraction between two different molecules. This sticks water to the sides of the xylem helping them pull water up.
34
How does root pressure work?
High concentration of water in soil causes it to enter roots with high pressure which pushes the water up the plant.
35
What is the process of guttation
When stomates are closed water pressure can build up to cause water to escape through the leaves.
36
What is the Source - Path - Sink Theory
Sucrose enters the phloem via active transport, this causes low water concentration allowing water from the xylem to enter the phloem, this creates high pressure which is dissipated into low pressure areas of the plant.
37
How is carbon-14 used to trace the movement of substances through plants.
By creating radioactive carbon dioxide the plant will absorb this and using radiation sensitive films we can see how the radioactive carbon has dissipated throughout the plant.
38
How does gas exchange occur in leaves?
The cuticle is non-porous so the stomata open and close to enable/disable the ability for the leaf to exchange gases.
39
How can plants achieve gas exchange elsewhere?
Through openings in the stem plants can undergo gas exchange in pores called lenticels
40
How does gas exchange occur?
Both carbon dioxide and oxygen must be dissolved to diffuse into/out of the blood.
41
How do fish undergo gas exchange
Water enters fish mouth, passes over gills, oxygen from water diffuses into the high surface area gills and into the capillaries within. Blood flow opposes water flow to ensure a constant concentration gradient.
42
How do insects undergo gas exchange
Pores on the insects surface called spiracles allow gas to enter their internal gas tube network, consisting of tracheoles which branch out and aid diffusion into the body.
43
How do frogs undergo gas exchange
Lungs: positive pressure breathing, high pressure air forces into low pressure compartments. Skin: Moisture on skin dissolves oxygen allows it to diffuse into the animal.
44
How do mammals undergo gas exchange
Internal lungs with a moist branching system, increasing surface area and improve efficiency, highly vascularised to promote as much exchange as possible.
45
What is an Alimentary canal
A digestive tube with two openings, an anus and a mouth. found in complex multicellular organisms.
46
Physical digestion in the mouth
Teeth break down food into smaller pieces. These teeth include of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
47
What is Peristalsis
Through the process of muscular contractions the body moves food down the oesophagus and through the gut.
48
Chemical digestion in the mouth
Enzymes in our saliva breaks down carbohydrates into disaccharides, amylase.
49
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Acidic nature of stomach denatures proteins, kills bacteria, and activates pepsin which breaks down proteins into peptides. enzymes involved are protease, and peptidase.
50
Chemical digestion in the small intestine.
Enzymes are produced in pancreas and released into the small intestine, trypsin is a type of protease, lipases break down lipids into fatty acids, pancreatic amylase break down carbs into simple sugars.
51
Uncommon enzyme used to digest cellulose (plant cell walls)
Cellulase is produced by very few animals meaning that most animals don't properly digest plant matter.
52
How do herbivores digest cellulose
Herbivores use bacteria to break down the cellulose in a process of anaerobic respiration, therefore is fermentation and they have a fermentation chamber in gut.
53
What are foregut fermenters
Fermentation chamber before the stomach, ruminants have a rumen which partially digests then regurgitates for further physical digestion.
54
What are hindgut fermenters
Fermentation occurs in the caecum which is after the small intestine forcing animals to redigest faeces to benefit on nutrients.
55
Chemical digestion in the large intestine
Recovers water in the Alimentary Canal, Waste is stored in the rectum then eventually exits via the anus.
56
What is primary active transport
The process of using active transport to move sodium and potassium against their concentration gradient then using their diffusion to push larger molecules in or out of the cell. antiport (active) and symport (passive)
57
Chemical digestion in the liver and gall bladder
Liver processes nutrients absorbed by the small intestine, produces bile which is stored in gall bladder and released in small intestine to break down fats.
58
Structure to support function in small intestine
Villi and microvilli are small pillars in the small intestine which dramatically increase SA within.
59
Function and structure of arteries
Transporting blood in high pressure away from the heart, thick elastic walls ensure durability along with keeping high pressure. small lumen
60
Function and structure of veins
Transport blood towards the heart at low pressure, valves prevent blood backflowing and don't require energy, muscles around vein contract to push blood. Large lumen
61
Function and structure of capillaries
Gas and nutrient exchange between blood and cells, thin walls allow for easy diffusion, narrow lumen prevents blockages.
62
Changes of blood throughout body.
Lungs gas exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Kidneys put waste products in blood. Capillaries lose oxygen/nutrients and gain carbon dioxide. Intestines provide nutrients and water.
63
Closed circulatory systems
Circulating fluid is contained in blood vessels and diffuses products through the walls. All vertebrates and some invertebrates. One central heart
64
Open circulatory systems
Circulating fluid enters interstitial space, almost all cells are in contact with fluid. Only invertebrates. Possibly multiple hearts to pump fluid.
65
Differences between monocots and dicots
Monocots - grow straight up, random vascular bundles, thin trunks, fibrous roots, impacted by meristem Dicots - branch outwards, vascular bundles in a ring, large trunks, secure to ground, doesn't rely on meristem

Biology (2 decks)

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