module 2 - plant life & physiology (exam 1)

Question 1

what is the key concept of plant formation

Answer 1

form (morphology) facilitates function

Question 2

what are the 2 systems of plants?
what organs do they house?

Answer 2

root and shoot
root organs: root
shoot organs: stem & leaves (& buds)

Question 3

what are the 2 states of plants?

Answer 3

vegetative (stems, leaves, no flowers)
reproductive (flowers & fruits as well as stems & leaves)

Question 4

what are the functions of roots? (3)

Answer 4

anchorage
absorption of water & minerals
storage of food & nutrients

Question 5

what are the 3 types of roots?
note which of these originate from embryo and which originate from the stem

Answer 5

tap roots (like carrots) - embryo
fibrous - embryo
adventitious - stem

Question 6

what are buds?
give characteristics & functions of them

Answer 6

buds are undeveloped portions of the shoot made of tiny leaves and cells
terminal buds: at tips of stems
axillary buds: in axils of leaves
buds for branches (vegetative) or flowers (reproductive)

Question 7

what is the stem’s function?
what is it’s typical form?

Answer 7

support, transport, and storage
form is typically elongated, cylindrical, and vertical, but it can differ greatly

Question 8

what is the main function of leaves?

Answer 8

photosynthesis

Question 9

what is the morphology of leaves? why is it like this?

Answer 9

leaves are broad and flattened
best for gas uptake and light absorption for photosynthesis

Question 10

what are the 3 tissue types?
what organs have them?

Answer 10

dermal, ground, and vascular tissue
all organs have each of them

Question 11

what is the dermal tissue system for?

Answer 11

it is the outer covering of the plant

Question 12

what is the ground tissue system for?

Answer 12

it carries out photosynthesis, stores photosynthetic products, and helps support the plant

Question 13

what is vascular tissue for?

Answer 13

conducts water and solutes throughout the plant

Question 14

what are the simplest land plants?
give characteristics of them

Answer 14

bryophytes
have a less-specialized anatomy:
single-layer thickness of photosynthetic structures & water-conducting cells are not vascular (lack wall structure needed for pressure gradient that moves water in vascular plants)

Question 15

what are 4 special features of plant cells?

Answer 15

chloroplasts
large vacuoles (for fluid uptake regulation and transport)
cell walls
plasmodesmata (to allow exchange of small molecules between cells

Question 16

give characteristics of the cell type parenchyma (5)

Answer 16

living cells (have a nucleus)
primary cell wall (made of cellulose) only
diverse metabolic processes
most tissues of most organs are parenchyma
leaf epidermis and mesophyll is exclusively parenchyma

Question 17

give characteristics of cell type sclerenchyma (5)

Answer 17

thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin
for support and rigidity
dead cells (no cytoplasm or nucleus)
long & slender (fibers)
isodiametric (sclereids)

Question 17

give characteristics of cell type sclerenchyma (5)

Answer 17

thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin
for support and rigidity
dead cells (no cytoplasm or nucleus)
long & slender (fibers)
isodiametric (sclereids)

Question 18

what are two types of transport tissues?

Answer 18

xylem (conducts water) and phloem (conducts food)

Question 19

what are the functions of xylem tissue?

Answer 19

transport of water and minerals
support (sturdy tissue)

Question 20

what are the cell types of xylem tissue?

Answer 20

tracheids and vessel elements (for transport)
fibers
parenchyma

Question 21

what is the main function of phloem tissue?

Answer 21

transporting sugars

Question 22

what are the cell types of phloem tissue?

Answer 22

sieve elements, fibers, and parenchyma

Question 23

what are sieve elements & their companion cells)

Answer 23

sieve elements are highly modified, they’re alive but lack a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles
companion cells are adjacent cells to sieve elements and provide many metabolic functions to keep sieve elements alive

Question 24

what is the function of the apical meristem?

Answer 24

primary growth two growing points at the tips of root and the terminal bud (shoot)

Question 25

what are 2 characteristics of meristem cells?

Answer 25

not differentiated can still divide

Question 26

what is vascular cambium (in leaves & buds)?

Answer 26

the main growth tissue of many types of plants, especially dicots

Question 27

what is the source of annual rings in plants?

Answer 27

different amounts of water are available during different parts of the year

Question 28

movement of water in the xylem is due to _____

Answer 28

osmosis long-distance transport

Question 29

in hypotonic environments, animal cells _____ (swell or burst) and plant cells _____ (swell or burst)

Answer 29

burst, swell

Question 30

give characteristics of water potential

Answer 30

the uptake of water by a cell plant is limited volume of water is enclosed by a cell wall - turgor pressure full cytoplasm exerts positive pressure against the wall & vice versa

Question 31

loss of turgor pressure results in ____

Answer 31

wilting of a plant

Question 32

what is the water potential of pure water at 1 atm?

Answer 32

potential = 0

Question 33

when solutes are added, is water potential positive or negative?

Answer 33

negative

Question 34

water potential is = to _____

Answer 34

physical pressure + solute/osmotic pressure

Question 35

water and ions cross the plasma membrane to enter to _____, which has some regulation of uptake

Answer 35

symplast

Question 36

water and ions travel into & through cell walls & intercellular spaces in the _____, which has no regulation of uptake

Answer 36

apoplast

Question 37

water travels between cells through _______

Answer 37

plasmodesmata channels

Question 38

cell walls are made of _____, which is why dead roots can still take up water

Answer 38

cellulose (hydrophobic)

Question 39

what is the difference between apoplast & symplast?

Answer 39

apoplast is outside the plasma membrane and symplast is inside cells symplast has plasmodesmata and can make cells act as continuous

Question 40

symplastic movement is ______ and moves which way?

Answer 40

continuous epidermis --> cortex --> endodermis --> xylem

Question 41

apoplastic movement ends at the _______

Answer 41

endodermis

Question 42

why are endodermal cells considered "waterproof?"

Answer 42

because of the casparian strip made of lignin and wax blocks apoplastic water movement

Question 43

which part of plants are a primary site of water loss?

Answer 43

leaves

Question 44

what regulates the opening of stomata

Answer 44

proton pump turned on by absorption of blue light circadian rhythm

Question 45

what regulates the closing of stomata?

Answer 45

when it's dark, the proton pump is turned off (pH gradient not maintained, K+ and Cl- ions exit guard cells & water follows) hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is produced when water stress is detected (& turns off proton pump)

Question 46

how are autotrophs nourished?

Answer 46

simple molecules drawn from the environment

Question 47

what is the importance of photosynthesis?

Answer 47

it forms carbohydrates for use in respiration and cellulose (cell walls)

Question 48

what does CHOPKNS CaFe Mg stand for & what is it's importance?

Answer 48

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium to remember the essential minerals for healthy plants

Question 49

how do parasitic plants function?

Answer 49

roots of parasitic plant grows into host plant takes nutrients from host can be green or not

Question 50

what is the most limiting mineral element?

Answer 50

nitrogen

Question 51

what are some adaptations to ensure sufficient nitrogen

Answer 51

legumes set up housing for rhizobium bacteria in their roots, which is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria that converts N2 to ammonium