Module 2 - Taxonomy Flashcards
1
Q
A
Pharungeal Gill Slits
Lost in living echinoderms, covered in most fish, highly adapted in tetrapods
2
Q
Notochord (Chordata)
A
- fibrous, fluid-filled sheath
- Provides strength for swimming
- Hydrostatic skeleton - water incompressible
3
Q
Postnatal tail - Chordata
A
Paddle
4
Q
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord (DHNC)
A
Vs. ventral solid nerve cord
5
Q
Endostyle (thyroid) - Chordata
A
Metabolic control
6
Q
A
Cephalochordata
7
Q
myomeres
A
muscle bands
8
Q
myosepta
A
connective tissue between muscles
9
Q
Cephalochordata
A
- amphioxus or lancet
- myomeres
- myosepta
- ^ both shared with vertebrates lost in urochordates
- largely sessile
- filter - feeder
- semitropical
10
Q
A
Urochordata
Asicidiacea
11
Q
Urochordata Asicidiacea
A
- no DHNC, notochord or postnatal tail as adults
- Ascidian tadpole - larva with all present
- Metamorphosis - absorb tail, notochord, and DHNC
12
Q
Ascidian tadpole
A
larva with all present
13
Q
metaporphosis
A
absorb tail, notochord, and DHNC
14
Q
A
Early Vertebrates
- Agnatha (w/o jaws) - Paraphyletic
- Probable from something like Haikouella 530MYA
- 3cm long
- Had brain, but no skull
- Haikouchthys - had skull (craniata)
15
Q
A
Haikouichthys
16
Q
Craniata
A
- having bone or cartilage that forms at least a shelf for the brain
17
Q
cyclostomata
A
Living Jawless craniates
- Myxini
- Pteromyzontiformes
18
Q
A
Myxini - Hagfishes
19
Q
A
Petromyzontida - Lampreys
20
Q
A
condota
21
Q
A
Pteraspidomorphi - Ostracoderms (bony plated skin)
22
Q
A
Osteostraci - ostracoderms
23
Q
A
Gnathostomata
24
Q
Gnathostomata characteristics
A
Jaws - allowed access ot larger and more varied prey
- evolved from gill arches
paired fins
- allowed greater stability and ability to use water
- better development than in osteostracans
25
Placodermi
- Antiarchi
- Arthrodira
- Petalichtydia
- Ptyctodontida
26
Antiarchi
27
Petalichtydia
28
Arthrodira
29
Ptyctonotida
30
janusiscus
- has characteristics simiar to both chondrichthyes and osteihthyes
- demonstrates the conditions of osteichthyes are the primitive ones.
31
Lupopsyrus
32
Lupopsyrus
- recent Ancanthodian fossils revive old hypothesis that they are sharks
- Have denticles for scales, no other fin rays
33
Acanthodii - Spiny Sharks
34
Chondrichythes --> eslamobranchii
- Sharks
- skates and rays
35
Holocephali (Chimaeras)
36
Condrichthyes
37
Condriichthyes - Eslamobranchii
- sharks, skates, Rays
38
Chondrichthyes - Holocephali
39
Osteichthyes
- Actinopterygii
- Sarcopterygii
40
Actinopterygii
41
Sarcopterygii
42
Holostei
- Lepisosteiformes
- Amifformes
43
Nepterygii
Lepisosteiformes
Amiiformes
Teleostei
44
Actinopterygii
Cladistia - Bichir
45
Actinopterygii
Chondrostei - Sturgeons and Paddlefish
46
Actinopterygii - Neopterygii - Holostei - Lepisosteiformes - Gar
47
Actinopterygii - Neopterygii - Holostei
Amiiformes - Bowfin
48
Teleostei - Teleosts
- Tuna
- Clownfish
- Moray Eel
- Pleco
49
Tuna
50
Clownfish
51
Moray Eel
52
Pleco
53
Sarcopterygii are..
lobed finned fishes and tetrapods
- they do have rays
- muscle and bone of paired fins outside of body wall
- The fishes that developed into tetrapods
54
Actinistia/coeleocanths
55
Dipnoi/lungfish
56
Osteolepimorpha
Panderichthys
57
Osteolepimorpha
Eusthenopteron
58
Osteolepimorpha
Eusthenopteron
59
Osteolepimorphia
Tiktalalik
60
Tetrapoda
61
Sarcopterygii - Actinisitia - Coelacanths
62
Sarcopterygii - Dipnoi
Lungfish.
- Africa, South America and Australia
- Gondwanaland
63
Pangea Breakup
Starts in ealry Triassic
64
Rhipidistians
- All other sarcopterygian fishes
- Name fallen out of favor because of paraphyly
- Important ones are the osetoleopimorphs
65
Sarcopterygii - Oseolepimorphia
- Osteleopimorphs = our ancestors
- homologous arms bones
- internal choanae (nares)
66
making the transition to land
- hold up body against gravity
- stronger girdles
- pelvic girdle attached to vert. column by sacrum
- pectoral girdle must lose connection with skull - jarring brain otherwise
- cervical vertebra - neck
67
Prevent twisting
Zygapophyses
- resist drying = fish scales and slime good
- Need eyelid
68
Eusthenopteron
- very common fossil, long known
- verdit = fish
69
Panderichthys
Recent fossil, no dorsal fin
verdict = fish
70
Tiktaalik
Gills as adult, no dorsal fin, but with wrists and a cervical vertebra
71
Aconthostega
- **fish**
- Gills as adult
- lepidotrichia - fin rays
- Piscivorous teeth
- Aquatic
72
Aconthostega
- **Tetrapod**
- weak sacrum
- digits : 6-8
- cerivcal vertebra
- no connectipon of pectoral girdle to skull
73
Fish
- lepidotrichia
- Piscivorous teeth
- aquatic
tetrapod
- as acanthostega except:
- strong zygapophyses
- strong sacrum
- no gills as adult
- verdict: tetrapod
74
Amphibia
- standard definition paraphyletic
- now just modern amphibians and close fossils
- rest = stem amphibians or stem amniotes
75
Amphibia - Lissamphibia
Salientia (FROGS)
76
Sacopterygii, Tetrapoda
Amphibia
Gymnophiona (**caecilians**)
77
Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, amphibia
**Caudata**
78
Amniota
- Amniotic egg: 3 membranes
- no need for water for reproduction
- keratinized skin - resist drying
- groups defined largely on skull types
- based on number of fenestrae
1. anapsid - 0
2. Synapsid/Euryapsid - 1
3. Diapsid - 2
79
Anapsid (early amniotes, turtles)
80
Synapsid (mammals, therapsids, pelycosaurs)
81
Diapsid (lizard, crocs, dinos, birds)
82
Euryapsid (ichytosaurs/plesiosaurs)
83
skull evolution
Anapsid
- diapsid --> euryaspsid
- synapsid
84
sauropsida
reptilia + some extinct taxa
(all living except maybe turtles, diapsida)
85
Diapsida
- Mostly with diapsid or modified dipasid skull
- most sauropsida except for a few, obscure, extinct taxa
- maybe turtles
- turtles are derived diapsids
86
Ichthyosauria
87
Lepidosauromorpha: Sauropterygia
88
Lepidosauromorpha: Lepidosauria
89
Lepidosauromorpha:
Lepidosauria:
Rhynchocephalia
90
Lipidosauria: Squamata
91
Testudines
92
Archosauromorpha: Thecodontida
93
Archosauromorpha: Crocodylomorpha
94
Archosauromorpha: Pterosauromorpha
95
Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria
**Ornithischia**
96
Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria
**Saurischia**
97
Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria: Ornithischia
98
Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria: Ornithischia
99
Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha
100
Dinosauria: Saurischia: Theropoda
101
Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Sauropsida, Dinosauria
Aves - Archaeopteryx
102
Aves characteristics from dinosaur
- teeth
- long tail
- free fingers
103
Aves charactersitics from birds
- feathers
- assemytrical flight feathers
- wishbone
104
Aves
105
Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Amniota, Synapsida,
- Pelycosaurs
Paraphyletic
many with sail
probably thermoregulation
106
Ex of pelycosaurs
- Varanops
- Casea
- Dimetrodon
107
Varanops
108
Casea
109
Dimetrodon
110
Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Amniota, Synapsida
Therapsida
- includes primitive groups such as cynodonts and mammals,
- heterodonts = different teeth
- Probably all warm blooded
- developing parasaggital/curosorial gait
111
Sarcopterygii, tetrapoda, synapsida, therapsida - CYNODONTS
- almost mammals
- later ones with mammalian jaw join
112
Sarcopterygii, tetrapoda, synapsida, therapsida, mammalia, monotremata
113
Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Synapsida
Therapsida, Mammalia, Monotremata
114
theria = beasts
2 groups
- metatheria - middle beasts, marsupials
- Eutheria - new beasts, placentals
115
Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Synapsida
Therapsida, Mammalia, Theria,
Metatheria - Marsupials
116
Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Synapsida
Therapsida, Mammalia, Theria, Eutheria
- Placentals
117
Is mammalia monophyletic?
Some think that monotremes are therapsids
- PMME occurred in the northern hemisphere ancestors of therians and the southern ancestors of monotremes
- DMME evolved at least three times: monotremes, marsupials, placentals.
118
What taxon?
Chondrichthyes
119
Which of these is a a cephalochordate?
C
120
Which of the following do humans not belong in?
- mammalia
- therapsida
- amniota
- metatheria
- synapsida
Metatheria
