Module 2: The Social Context Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Provides the foundation for all other knowledge units, especially Professional Ethics
A
Social Context
2
Q
TRUE or FALSE: The current social context in which IT and computing are being used is different from that of 10 years ago, 20 years ago, or 30 years ago.
A
True
3
Q
TRUE or FALSE: The current social context in which IT and computing are being used is not different from that of 10 years ago, 20 years ago, or 30 years ago.
A
False
4
Q
TRUE or FALSE: There was no social media 20 years ago.
A
True
5
Q
TRUE or FALSE: There was already social media 20 years ago.
A
False
6
Q
TRUE or FALSE: 30 years ago, there was no World Wide Web, and email was only used by a handful of people.
A
True
7
Q
TRUE or FALSE: 30 years ago, the World Wide Web already existed, and email was used by numerous people globally.
A
False
8
Q
What were the major technological breakthroughs in electronics that took place in the aftermath of WWII?
A
(1) The first programmable computer and (2) the transistor
9
Q
What was the first transistor ever created?
A
Point-Contact Transistor
10
Q
Who created the first transistor (the point-contact transistor) on December 16, 1947?
A
John Bardeen and Walter Brattain from Bell Labs
11
Q
When was the first transistor (the point-contact transistor) created?
A
December 16, 1947
12
Q
In what year did new information technologies become widely diffused?
A
1970s
13
Q
What were the three main technological fields in the 1970s?
A
- Micro-Electronics
- Computers
- Telecommunication
14
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Transistor made the fast processing of electric impulses in a binary mode possible.
A
True
15
Q
TRUE or FALSE: The transistor did not make fast processing of electric impulses in a binary mode possible; other technologies achieved this.
A
False
16
Q
TRUE or FALSE: The transistor enabled the coding of logic and communication between machines.
A
True
17
Q
TRUE or FALSE: The transistor did not enable the coding of logic and communication between machines.
A
False
18
Q
INFO: Semiconductor processing devices—integrated circuits (ICs) and chips—are now made of millions of transistors.
A
Noted
19
Q
INFO: A giant leap occurred in 1971 when Intel introduced the 4-bit 4004 microprocessor, which is a computer on a chip. This development meant that information-processing power could be installed everywhere.
A
Noted
20
Q
TRUE or FALSE: A giant leap occurred in 1970 when Intel introduced the 4-bit 4004 microprocessor, which is a computer on a chip. This development meant that information-processing power could be installed everywhere.
A
False (1971)
21
Q
What did Intel introduce that was considered a giant leap in the history of information technology (IT)?
A
4-bit 4004 Microprocessor
22
Q
What did Ryzen introduce that was considered a giant leap in the history of information technology (IT)?
A
naur (It was actually Intel who introduced the 4-bit 4004 Microprocessor :P)
23
Q
The Moore’s Law was named after whom?
A
George Moore
24
Q
It is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years, leading to a doubling of computer processing power every 18 to 24 months.
A
Moore’s Law
25
TRUE or FALSE: Greater miniaturization, further specialization, and the decreasing price of increasingly powerful chips made it possible to place them in every machine, from dishwashers and microwave ovens to automobiles.
True
26
Greater miniaturization, further specialization, and the increasing price of less powerful chips made it impossible to place them in every machine, from dishwashers and microwave ovens to automobiles.
False (decreasing price of increasingly powerful chips made it possible)
27
TRUE or FALSE: In the mid-1980s and 1990s, microcomputers were linked up in networks with increasing mobility, along with the capacity to add memory and processing capacity.
True
28
TRUE or FALSE: In the mid-1980s and 1990s, microcomputers were not linked up in networks with increasing mobility, and they did not have the capacity to add memory and processing capacity.
False (were linked up and have the capacity)
29
TRUE or FALSE: In the 1990s, there was a shift from centralized data storage and processing in mainframes to networked, interactive computer power-sharing and desktop computers.
True
30
TRUE or FALSE: In the 1990s, there was no shift from centralized data storage and processing in mainframes to networked, interactive computer power-sharing and desktop computers.
False (there was a shift)
31
TRUE or FALSE: The technological changes in the mid-1980s and 1990s affected not only the entire technological system but also its social and organizational interactions.
True
32
TRUE or FALSE: The technological changes in the mid-1980s and 1990s had no impact on the technological system or its social and organizational interactions.
False (has a huge impact)
33
TRUE or FALSE: In the 2010s, storage capacity became so cheap, and computing power increased significantly.
True
34
TRUE or FALSE: In the 2010s, storage capacity was expensive, and computing power did not increase significantly.
False (cheaper and computing power increased significantly)
35
TRUE or FALSE: The 2010s marked the commencement of the era of Big Data, where massive amounts of data are analyzed algorithmically to find patterns.
True
36
TRUE or FALSE: The 2000s marked the commencement of the era of Big Data, where massive amounts of data are analyzed algorithmically to find patterns.
False (2010s)
37
INFO: Big data includes measurements to compute the black hole image, brain scan image analyses, and online user behavior.
Noted
38
What are the 5 V's associated with Big Data?
1. Volume - the huge amount of data
2. Velocity - the speed at which they are generated
3. Variety - the different types of formats
4. Veracity - the trustworthiness of that data
5. Value - the money one can make with it
39
TRUE or FALSE: Big data has no single definition.
True
40
TRUE or FALSE: Big data has a single, widely accepted definition.
False (has no single definition)
41
One of the 5 V's associated with big data that refers to the huge amount of data.
Volume
42
One of the 5 V's associated with big data that refers to the speed at which they are generated.
Velocity
43
One of the 5 V's associated with big data that refers to the different types of formats.
Variety
44
One of the 5 V's associated with big data that refers to the trustworthiness of that data
Veracity
45
One of the 5 V's associated with big data that refers to the money one can make with it.
Value
46
Who was the lead Apollo software engineer that led the team at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory that developed the onboard flight software for the Apollo spacecraft, contributing to the success of the Apollo missions to the moon in 1969?
Margaret Hamilton
47
Who was the lead computer scientist who played a significant role in the development of the algorithm used to produce the first image of a black hole in 2019?
Katie Bouman
48
INFO: Networking capability became possible due to major developments in telecommunication and computer networking technologies, made possible by new micro-electronic devices and stepped-up computing capacity.
Noted
49
Telecommunications have been further revolutionized by the combination of which factors?
* node technologies - electronic switches and routers
* new linkages - transmission
50
INFO: Networking capability was significantly enhanced by major advances in opto-electronics, such as fiber optics and laser transmission, as well as digital packet transmission technology, which broadened the capacity of transmission lines.
Noted
51
INFO: Opto-electronics-based transmission capacity, together with advanced switching and routing architectures, such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Interconnection Protocol) are the foundation of the Internet.
Noted
52
What forms the foundation of the Internet?
Opto-electronics-based transmission capacity with advanced switching and routing architectures, such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Interconnection Protocol)
53
INFO: In the 1960s, there was a push to explore connecting computers to enhance research, leading the US Department of Defense's ARPA to create ARPANET in 1969, connecting several universities and later employing the internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) from 1983.
Noted
54
This could be seen as a camera which you can also call.
Smartphone
55
INFO: The convergence of all aforementioned electronic technologies into the field of interactive communication led to the creation of the current version of the Internet, which time will tell if it is the most revolutionary technological medium of the Information Age.
Noted
56
Who invented the World Wide Web in 1989?
Tim Berners-Lee
57
TRUE or FALSE: The World Wide Web (WWW) emerged around the same time as the internet's social power and expansion.
True
58
INFO: Tim Berners-Lee decided that the WWW should not be proprietary and was instrumental in its spread after its release in 1991.
Noted
59
INFO: The World Wide Web superseded other forms of internet communication (such as ftp, Usenet, and gopher), which charged licensing fees for the original server implementation.
Noted
60
What was the first main step in the early 1970s that involved relational databases to sort and manipulate data, enabling the querying of stored data such as employee data or library records?
Data Management
NOTE: One of the success story other than the Web
61
What process, popularized in the early 1990s, involves placing all data in a data warehouse—a time-aware database that slightly hypothesizes on the data using association rules and statistics, as exemplified in supermarket data?
Data Mining
62
What type of database involves placing all data in a time-aware database that slightly hypothesizes on the data using association rules and statistics, as seen in examples like supermarket data?
Data Warehouse
63
What approach combines data management with statistical techniques and algorithms on large datasets, allowing for the collection of data from various sources, in different formats, and at a rapid pace?
Machine Learning Algorithms
64
INFO: An example of Machine Learning Algorithms is the tracking of each visitor each time on the News24 website, which generates online user-generated data.
Noted
65
This focuses on algorithms that aim to achieve accurate predictions based on large amounts of training data.
Machine Learning
66
Who claims that a new form of society has arisen from several major concurrent social, technological, economic, and cultural transformations?
Manuel Castells
67
INFO: A time of transition in communication and network usage included the rise of citizen journalism and concerns about disinformation, such as 'fake news' and propaganda.
Noted
68
Fake news or propaganda
Disinformation
69
This refers to personalized search results in a search engine or feeds in social media, which are determined by your prior interactions, as opposed to a non-personalized page rank or item rank that is not influenced by the user's prior behavior.
Filter Bubble
70
It is a situation in which people only hear opinions of one type or opinions that are similar to their own.
Echo Chamber
71
It is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, driven by technology, international trade, and investment, and aided by information.
Globalization
72
INFO: Globalization has effects on the environment, culture, political systems, economic development and prosperity, and human physical well-being in societies around the world.
Noted
73
TRUE or FALSE: Localization is the opposite of Globalization.
False
74
INFO: Localization is used in the context of software localization, involving processes such as checking for one's language and providing autocomplete options in that language. Localization can also apply to computer hardware, such as keyboards, adapters, and plugs.
Noted
75
INFO: Several factors contributed to the Internet's diffusion in the 1990s:
- Regulatory changes and privatization.
- Open-source software and open protocols.
- Increased bandwidth and switching capacity.
- Widespread adoption of personal computers and local networks.
- User-friendly software programs, including the World Wide Web server and browser by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1990.
- Growing social demand for networking, driven by business needs and the public's desire for communication networks.
- Internet users grew from under 40 million in 1995 to about 1.5 billion in 2009, reaching an estimated 4.3 billion in March 2019.
Noted
76
How many Internet users were estimated in March 2019?
4.3 Billion
77
What do democratic governments worldwide use to enhance their services, particularly for communication purposes?
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
78
What are are three basic areas where Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is used?
1. information access
2. transaction services
3. citizen participation
79
INFO: Worldwide Mobile Revolution
* In the 1990s, there was an explosion in the increasing capacity of connectivity and bandwidth in successive generations of mobile phones.
* In 1991, there were 16 million wireless phone subscriptions worldwide.
* By July 2008, subscriptions had surpassed 3.4 billion and are currently estimated at around 4.5-5 billion mobile phone subscriptions.
Noted
80
In what decade was there an explosion in the increasing capacity of connectivity and bandwidth in successive generations of mobile phones?
1990s
81
How many wireless phone subscriptions were there worldwide in 1991?
16 Million
82
By which month and year had subscriptions surpassed 3.4 billion?
July 2008
83
What is the current estimate for mobile phone subscriptions?
4.5-5 Billion
84
This refers to the fact that there is no need for separate communication channels for different media (such as voice, video, text, etc.) because they are all digitized and can share the same connections and platforms.
Digital Convergence
85
It is the ability for devices such as fridges, stoves, and traditional machines like computers to share data, enabling the concept of smart houses.
Internet of Things
86
It is the most predominant form of communication everywhere, especially in developing countries.
Wireless Communication
87
INFO: The Fourth Industrial Revolution
* Automatization/Automation
Questions relative to automatization:
* What to do with the people who will lose their jobs when more and more tasks are automated?
* Is it ethical to make people redundant due to the software you developed, and are you morally obliged to find alternative gainful employment for the people affected?
* Whose responsibility is it to mitigate this effect, if anyone?
* Do you have an idea how to solve capital's inherent contradiction?
Noted
88
What is driven by a set of technologies including Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), creating 'intelligent' cyber-physical systems that can configure themselves, adjust their configuration based on input, and optimize their operations autonomously?
Industry 4.0
89
The pyramid architecture of a cyber-physical systems-enabled manufacturing system
Check image
90
It is a branch of computer science and IT that concerns the theory and development of computer systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. This field aims to simulate 'intelligent' behavior in computers and includes subfields focusing on techniques for automated learning and reasoning using logic, statistics, and language.
Artificial Intelligence
91
This extends the commonly known Internet infrastructure to include the connectivity of devices that are not considered computers but have embedded electronics, enabling them to be interacted with remotely. Examples include sensors, fridges, and other smart home appliances like security systems.
Internet of Things
92
This technology automates farming by using sensors to collect data about the environment, such as temperature, humidity, and pest infestation. Based on this data, decisions are made to manage the plants, such as spraying pesticides or adjusting irrigation levels.
Precise Agriculture
93
This involves improving traffic monitoring and pollution control by adjusting the timing of traffic lights based on the amount of traffic at or nearing each particular crossroad.
Smart Cities
94
INFO: Robots evoke both imagination and fear in humans. The idea of trying to constrain their use can be best traced back to Asimov's laws of robotics. What should robots be allowed to do and what should they not be allowed to do? Why? How should their use be regulated?
Noted
95
INFO: Three Laws of Robotics
Formulated by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov in an attempt to control humanoid robots in his science fiction novels:
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.
Noted
96
This refers to the disparities in the penetration of the Information Society in terms of access and use of ICTs. It is the gap between those who have access to the Information Society and those who are deprived of such access.
Digital Divide
97
INFO: The digital divide mirrors and exacerbates existing disparities in society, including:
* gaps in education (such as illiteracy)
* disability
* location (rural-urban divide)
* gender
* race
* income level
Noted
98
What field is most directly concerned with addressing issues such as the digital divide and draws on theories, techniques, methods, and tools from disciplines including computer science, information systems, information technology, social science, and economics, as well as task-specific domain experts relevant to a project (e.g., water engineers, film & media professionals)?
Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICT4D, ICTD)
99
What is the international economic organization of 34 countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade, and serving as a forum for countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identifying good practices, and coordinating domestic and international policies of its members?
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
100
Who studied the impact of a designer's views on educational software for children?
Huff and Cooper
101
They found that designers tend to create gamified tools for boys and learning tools for girls.
Huff and Cooper
102
A technology company that is struggling with sexism and harassment.
Uber
103
What describes World Wide Web sites that emphasize user-generated content, usability, and interoperability?
Web 2.0
104
What is an extension of the web standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and refers to W3C's vision of the Web of linked data and knowledge?
Web 3.0
105
This helps enable people to create data stores on the web, build vocabularies, and write rules for handling data.
Semantic web technologies
106
Summary of Internet Governance Bodies
See image
107
This refers to the principle that all data packets sent over the Internet are treated equally. It is about all contents being equal on the physical network that constitutes the infrastructure of the Internet. However, it happens to be the case that for the most recent version of one of the Internet protocols, IPv6, one has the option to prioritize content. In other words, preferentially allocating bandwidth to those who pay more for it.
Net Neutrality
108
This is the largest online game community, accounting for just over half of the Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG) industry. It reached over 10 million active members in 2008, with over half of them residing in the Asian continent.
World of Warcraft (WOW)
109
It aims to use ICTs for peacebuilding efforts, which may include elements of ICT4D. This is in the context of the United Nations definition of peacebuilding, which focuses on the notion of positive peace rather than just the absence of physical violence.
ICT4Peace
110
This includes a "range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundation for sustainable peace and development."
Peace buildingª
111
These refer to a strand of work in computer science and the deployment of ICTs that has the intention to do harm.
Destructive ICTs
There are two popular topics:
1. Information Warfare - This involves the 'battle' of information provision, propaganda, and so-called fake news.
2. Autonomous Weapons System - Colloquially also called a killer robot, this is a system (hardware + software) that makes decisions autonomously, i.e., without human intervention, for defense or offense purposes, causing physical harm.
112
INFO: (Lethal) Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) include Qinetiq North America's Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System, which is an "unmanned ground vehicle for reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition missions."
Noted (See image)
113
INFO: Conclusion
* The technological revolution in micro-electronics-based communication technologies and new apps has continued to accelerate, transforming our lives in how we interact, study, and work with one another.
* Networks have become the predominant organizational form in every domain of human activity.
* Globalization has intensified and diversified.
* Communication technologies have constructed virtuality as a fundamental dimension of our reality.
Noted
114
INFO: Short History of IT
WWII and its Aftermath:
* Major breakthroughs: first programmable computer and transistor
* Dec 16, 1947: first transistor (point-contact)
1970s:
* Spread of new IT
* Rise of micro-electronics, computers, and telecommunication
* Transistor enabled binary processing and communication.
* Giant Leap: Intel introduced the 4-bit 4004 microprocessor in 1971.
Mid-1980s and 1990s:
* Microcomputers linked in networks, adding memory and processing.
* Shift to networked, interactive computers.
2010s:
* Cheap storage and increased computing power.
* Emergence of Big Data analysis.
Noted
