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MSK > Module 2: Upper limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 2: Upper limb Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the shoulder girdle the site of?

What is the shoulder girdle comprised of?

What 3 joints does it contain?

Label image

A
  • Site of the superior appendicular skeleton attachment to the axial skeleton
  • Comprised of 2 important bones; Scapula and Clavicle
  • Contains 3 important joints
    • Sternoclavicular joint green (sternum articulates with clavicle)
      • Bone to bone connection; only place upper limb has a bony attachment to axial skeleton
    • Acromioclavicular joint red (acromion of scapula articulates with clavicle)
    • Scapulothoracic joint blue (anterior surface of the scapula against the posterior region of the thorax (costal ribs)
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2
Q

The clavicle; key features

label the diagram

A
  • The “strut” of the upper limb
    • The only site of bony contact between the upper limb and trunk
  • Long cylindrical bone
    • S-shaped
  • Acromial end (called this because it is near the acromion) is the more bulbous end, therefore does not fit perfectly with the acromion = the reason for dislocation sometimes
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3
Q

“Common sites of tendon/ligament attachment”

A
  • Ligament = connection between bone and bone
  • Tendon = connection between bone and muscle
  1. Tubercle: small protection of eminence
  2. Tuberosity: slightly larger roughened surface
  3. Trochanter: large rough raised surface
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4
Q

How does the collagen fibres of the tendon or ligament actually attach to the bone?

A

At a molecular level the fibres infuse into the bone of the bone matrix and bind to the fibres

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5
Q

Label the clavicle

A
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6
Q

Label colours

A
  • Red line = acrioclavicular joint
  • orange line = conoid tubercle
  • blue = corcoid process = where ligaments tie clavicle down to this process
  • black lines = liagements
  • green line = costal tuberosity
  • red outline = manubrium
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7
Q

The sternoclavicular joint (sc)

A
  • sternum + clavicle
  • The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
  • Synovial Saddle Joint
    • Diathrotic (quite a bit of movement)
    • Synovial Joint has capsule, space, synovial fluid
  • 4 ligaments
  • 3 movements (Multiaxial)
    • Elevation and Depression; lift hands to sky
    • Protraction and Retraction; (arms reaching forward = protraction of the scapula) ( elbows behind you = retraction)
    • Rotation (rotating hands with arms out to the side)
  • Movement from arm and shoulder all transmitted down the clavicle; therefore quite freely moveable joint enabling different arm movements
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8
Q

Label joints on the image

A
  • Interclavicular: ligaments between both clavicles, holds them together
  • Anterior/posterior sternoclavicular = sternum articulating with the clavicle
  • Costovicular = connects costal cartilage of the first rib with the clavicle
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9
Q

Label image

A
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10
Q

The scapula; key features (shape)

label image

A
  • The “shoulder blade”
    • Triangular bone with 3 angles and 3 borders
      • Flat irregular bone
      • Boarders: Superior, medial and lateral
      • Angles: Superior, lateral and inferior
  • Green = acromion; where the clavicle would join to
  • Purple = Glenoid fossa; Flattened area where head of humerus meets the scapula (where shoulder joint is)
  • Red = scapula spine
  • Superior angle = where superior and medial boarder meet
  • Medial boarder = closest to the spine
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11
Q

What is the acromion?

A
  • Anterolateral extension of the scpula spine
  • Sight of acromioclavicular joint
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12
Q

What is only on the posterior surface of the scapula?

A
  • The scapula spine
    • Originates at medial boarder extending laterally
    • Lateral portion hooks anteriorly, known as the Acromion
    • Is not on the anterior surface because it would grind against the thorax (ribs); thus it is the feature that distinguishes the anterior vs posterior surface.
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13
Q

What joint is this?

A
  • Acromioclavicular Joint
    • Lateral end of clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula
    • Synovial Plane Joint
      • Diathrotic
    • 2 ligaments
      • Superior and Inferior AC ligament
    • 2 Movements
      • Gliding (nonaxial)
      • Rotation
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14
Q

What is this feature?

A

• The Anterior Surface (Costal Surface) contains

  • The Coracoid Process
    • Originates at lateral angle extending anterolateral
    • Sight of coracoclavicular joint
    • Trapezoid ligaments extend from the clavicle to the coracoid process
    • Also a site of muscle attachment e.g. bicep braci (movement: flexion of shouldered )
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15
Q

Label this joint and the bones/features around it

A
  • Acromioclavicular joint
  • Acromion
  • Clavicle
  • Coracoclavicular joint (conoid & trapezoid lig.)
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16
Q

What is the joint name between the scapula and thorax?

A
  • Scapulathoracic joint
    • Costal surface of scapula + the posterolateral thorax
    • Lots of movement, but not a true synovial
      • Moves like a diarthrotic
      • Because this joint does not have a capsule, synovial fluid or a synovial membrane = not a true synovial joint
    • Movement depends on SC & AC joints
    • Supported by muscles; keeps joint in place.
    • Movements:
      • Elevation & Depression (shrugging shoulders up and down)
      • Protraction & Retraction (Shoulders going back, shoulders going forward)
      • Upward & Downward Rotation (arm abducting over 90 degrees from the side of the body; scapula is forced to rotate upwards)
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17
Q

Terms for “Bone sites for articulations or support”

A
  • Facets: smooth surface/grove the forms a joint
  • Fossa: shallow depressions for joint or support
    • Muscles attach into a fossa
    • Area where two bones come into contact
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18
Q

Label these surfaces

A
  • Costal (surface closest to costals (anterior surface)) surface
    • Subscapular fossa
      • Associated with subscapularis muscle
  • Posterior surface divided into two parts
    • Above the spine
      • Supraspinous fossa
        • Supraspinatus muscle
    • Below the spine
      • Infraspinous fossa
        • Infraspinatus muscle
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19
Q

What is the features/angle being annotated?

A
  • The lateral angle is flattened
    • Contains the Glenoid Fossa
  • Site of the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
    • Articulation with the proximal head of the humerus
    • Shallow ball and socket joint
      • Very shallow for function; shallow socket allows the head of the humerus to be locked into place; a range of movement increases
    • Supported by glenoid labrum (Keeps the head of the humerus in place of the GJ)
      • Fibrocartilage rim to increase depth and width of fossa
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20
Q

Label the scapula diagram

A

Anterior surface

  1. Acromion
    • Dark green spot; where acromioclavicular joint starts
  2. Coracoid process
  3. Glenoid fossa
  4. Subscapular fossa

Posterior surface

  1. Acromion
  2. glenoid fossa
  3. Coracoid process
  4. Superspinous fossa AKA Supraspinatus fossa
  5. Spine
  6. Infraspinous fossa (infraspinatus fossa)
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21
Q

What bones form the shoulder joint?

A
  • The shoulder joint = The glenohumeral joint = Glenoid fossa of the scapula + humerus (black lines of image are ligaments)
  • Synovial, ball and socket joint
  • Articulation between: proximal head of humerus + Glenoid fossa of scapula
  • Joint is surrounded by fibrous capsule (because it is a synovial joint ) and strengthen by 3 glenohumeral ligaments
    • Superior, middle, inferior
    • Present with a distinct “Z” shape
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22
Q

Label this shoulder girdle

A
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23
Q

Label the ligaments/tendon associated with the glenohumeral joint

A
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24
Q

Label the proximal end of the humerus with its key features

What joint is outlined by the green line?

A
  • Humerus = the long bone extending from shoulder to elbow
  • Proximal end features include;
    • Head
    • Anatomical neck
      • Where the head of the body attaches to the body of the bone
    • Greater and Lesser tuberosity
      • Greater tuberosity is more lateral and posterior than lesser tuberosity
      • Muscles of rotating cuff attach to the lesser tuberosity
    • Intertubercular sulcus (groove)
      • In between the lesser and greater tuberosity
      • Tendons, blood vessels run through here
    • Surgical neck
      • Surgical neck is called this because it is the most common site of fracture.
  • The joint outlined in green is the glenohumeral joint
  • Image is an anterior view
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25
Label the humerus
26
What feature of the humerus is this?
* The diaphysis "shaft" * Deltoid tuberosity * Lateral surface * Where deltoid muscle inserts, helps with abduction * Radial (spiral) groove * Posterior surface * Where the radial nerve 'sits' on the bone in this groove.
27
Label the anterior distal end of the humerus?
* Distal End (anterior) * Lateral and medial supracondylar ('above the condyle') ridges * Lateral and medial epicondyles (no bone to bone contact aka no articulation) * Radial and coronoid fossa * For the head of radius and ulna (coronoid process) during flexion * Capitulum and trochlea * Articular surface with radius (articulates w/ capitulum) and ulna (articulates w/ trochlea)
28
Label What is this?
29
Label the posterior distal humerus Any unique features?
* Distal end of humerus (Posterior) * Olecranon fossa * For the olecranon process of ulan during extension * Ulna bone fits in this fossa when elbow flexion occurs * The ulna articulates with the posterior surface of the trochlea *
30
Label
posterior distal humerus
31
What is the name of the elbow joint? What bones make up the joint?
* Humero-ulnar joint = Humerus and ulna * Radiohumeral joint = Radius and humerus
32
* What bony features is the movement of the elbow mainly between? * What does the radius connect with? * What does the full extension of the elbow joint do? * What supports the elbow joint?
* Elbow movement mainly between Humeral Trochlea & Trochlear notch of ulna * Head of Radius relatively small contact with Capitulum of Humerus * Because radius is important for other important actions of the foreman * Full extension locks olecrenon process of ulna into olecrenon fossa of humerus * Elbow supported by Lateral (radial) and Medial (ulnar) collateral ligaments
33
What joint is this? Label
The elbow joint
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35
The Radius and Ulna Key features (proximal end)
* Radius: Head, Neck Radial Tuberosity * Radial tuberosity for muscle attachment * Ulna: Head, Trochlear notch, Coronoid process, Radial notch, Ulnar tuberosity, Olecranon process (posterior) & Supinator Crest (posterior) * Trochlea notch articulates with the trochlea * Coronoid process going into the coronoid fossa when inflexion occurs * During pronation of the forearm, the head of the radius slides over into the ulnar notch * In extension, olecranon process goes into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
36
What bones are these? Label the features Which surface is posterior and which is anterior?
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The radius and ulna key features (distal end)
* Radius: Head, Ulnar notch, Styloid process (on the lateral side of radius) * Styloid process; bony mass with muscle attachments to help hand movement * Radius has 'puck' like proximal end and a bulbous distal end (connected to the wrist) * Ulna: Head, Styloid process (on the lateral side of the ulna)
40
How to identify Ulna from radius when the bones are by themselves?
* Look for olecranon process and trochlear notch = the ulna * Has the majority of articulating surface with the wrist = radius
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42
What bone is this? Which is the posterior/anterior face?
1. Anatomical neck 2. Greater tuberosity, because it is on the posterior lateral side 3. Surgical neck 4. Humeral head 5. Intertubercular groove 6. Lesser tuberosity, medial anterior side 7. Deltoid tuberosity
43
What bones are these? What end of the bones?
1. olecranon 2. trochlear notch; trochlear notch articulates with the trochlear 3. coronoid process 4. radial notch; where the radial head rotates over during pronation and supination 5. head 6. radial tuberosity; muscle attachment sites, help with pronation 7. neck 8. shaft * Proximal end of ulna and radius
44
Which part of the distal end of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius?
capitulum Round bulbous end of the lateral side of the humorous
45
What are the articulations of the wrist? How many are there?
* 3 articulations * Radiocarpal joint (wrist) – between forearm and hand * Midcarpal joints – between proximal and distal rows of carpals * Carpometacarpal – between distal carpal row and bones of hand
46
How many carpal bones are there? How are they orientated?
* 8 carpal bones orientated in two rows * Proximal Row (from lateral to medial) * Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform * Distal Row (from lateral to medial) * Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
47
Label bones of the wrist What side is this?
Posterior (pronation)
48
label the wrist bones What side is this?
Anterior (supination)
49
What makes up the hand what are the articulations of the hand (4)? How many bones are in the hand? What groups are they divided into?
* 4 articulations * Carpometacarpal joints * Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) • * Interphalangel joints • * Proximal & Distal • * 19 bones separated into 2 groups * 5 Metacarpals * 14 Phalanges (fingers and thumb)
50
Label the bones and articulations of the hand What way is the hand facing?
51
1. Clavicle 2. sternum 3. scapula 4. humerus 5. radius 6. ulna 7. carpals 8. metacarpals 9. proximal phlanges 10. intermediate phlanges 11. Distal phalanges
52
How to tell if you are looking at the palma (anterior) surface of the distal surface.
* Hook of the hamate is on the anterior side * If you can visualise the pisiform and the hook of the hamate; only on the anterior side
53
The shoulder girdle; movements (scapula -\> clavicle)
* To identify movements of the shoulder girdle, focus on bony landmarks * Posterior Perspective: Medial Boarder & Inferior Angle * Lateral Perspective: Glenoid fossa * Anterior Perspective: Acromion & Clavicle * All movements of the shoulder girdle have the same pivot point * The Sternoclavicular Joint
54
What movements are these?
1. Abduction (protraction) * Abduction of the scapula; moving away from the midline 2. Adduction (retraction) * Bring the scapula closer to the midline 3. Elevation * Glenoid fossa also raises up * Superior angle goes up 4. Depression * Inferior angle drops down * Scapula is being depressed 5. Upward 6. Upward rotation 7. Downward rotation
55
The shoulder girdle: A support system for the glenohumeral joint
* Movements of scapula orientate, stabilize & synergize the Glenohumeral Joint; so you can do arm movements * Position glenoid fossa for range of humeral movements * Stabilize shoulder girdle to axial skeleton during humeral movements * Add to range and power of humeral movements
56
Shoulder Abduction
* 90-100 Degrees of humeral abduction at glenohumeral joint before humerus contacts acromion * Remaining 60-90 degree of shoulder abduction is a result of upward rotation of scapula (shoulder girdle rotates upwards so glenoid fossa can move up further. * Shoulder joint can only to 90 degrees * Therefore shoulder girdle rotates upwards so the glenoid fossa is forced to rise up further * Therefore the arm can rise to the ceiling * Head of the humerus comes into contact with the arch locks joint into place allows to reach up
57
What are the shoulder Girdle muscles
* The shoulder girdle muscles all originate on the axial skeleton * Insertion are located on the scapula and/or the clavicle * Primary movers include: * Anterior * Pectoralis Minor * Serratus Anterior * Posterior * Trapezius * Rhomboids * Levator Scapulae * All attach to the scapula
58
Will muscles of the shoulder girdle move the humerus?
No. None of them cross the glenohumeral joint to insert into the humerus
59
What muscles are these? What muscle group are they apart of?
* Pectoralis minor = deep to pectoralis major
60
* Levator scapulae muscle lifts the scapula * Levator scapulae and rhomboids are deep to trapezius
61
What muscle is this? Where does it insert? Where does it originate? What actions (of the scapula) does it perform?
Pectoralis Minor: * Anterior muscle of the shoulder girdle * Origin: anterior surface of 3rd-5 th rib * Insertion: coracoid process of scapula * inserts kinda posteriorly * Contraction of muscle will forward -\> "around the ribs" * Action (of scapula): * Protraction (Abduction) * Medial border of the will pulled laterally -\> this is abduction of the scapula * Downward rotation * The coracoid process is pulled down towards the muscle origin * Therefore, glenoid fossa will go down * Depression
62
What muscle is this? Where does it originate? Where does it insert? What actions of the scapula doe it perform?
Serratus Anterior: * Looks like a serrated knife * Sits on the anterior side so does underneath scapula and attaches to medial boarder * Origin: lateral surface of ribs 1-9 * Insertion: medial border of scapula (costal surface) * Contraction (bring insertion site closer to origin) * Will cause medial border to move towards the lateral anterior aspect * Action (of the scapula): * Protraction (Abduction) * Upward rotation * Pulls inferior angle and brings it upwards * Causes gelnoid fossa to also point up * Important for reaching up to the sky
63
What are these muscles?
* Pectoralis minor inserts deep to the deltoid muscle * Serratus anterior is inferior to pectoralis minor
64
What muscles of the shoulder girdle are involved in a push up?
* Protraction/abduction - The push up * Abduction is required because the body needs to move away from midline, so the glenohumeral joint and arm can reach forward * Pectoralis Minor is pulling the coracoid process anteriorly * Serratus Anterior is pulling the medial boarder (costal surface) of the scapula latero-anteriorly
65
What muscles are these? What group of muscles are they apart of?
* The posterior muscles of the shoulder girdle
66
What is this muscle? How many groups is it divided into? What is the group based on? What is the origin/insertion/action of each group?
Trapezius ('top layer') * Divided into 3 groups based on direction of myofibres * Spans from superior aspect of the cervical spin to the base of the thoracic vertebrae * Fibres originate around the scapula therefore the fibres will change directions. * Upper fibres * Run in superior to inferior direction * Origin: Occipital protuberance and posterior neck * Insertion: Acromial end of the clavicle * Actions (of the scapula) * Elevation * Pulls scapula up from where they originate from * Upward rotation * Because insertion sight is near the acromial end of the clavicle * Middle fibres (run laterally) * Origin: Spinous process of C7-T3 * Insertion: medio-superior acromion and scapular spine * Action (of scapula): * Elevation * Retraction (adduction) * Bring the scapula medial boarder closer to the middle * Lower fibres (run in superior to inferior direction * Origin: Spinous process of T4-T12 * Insertion: Triangular space/base of scapular spine * Action (of scapula): * Depression * Retraction (adduction) * Upward rotation * Originates below insertion point = when fibres contract bone is going to be pulled backward * pulling on medial boarder downwards causes glenoid fossa to ruse up (upward rotation)
67
Label these muscles
68
What muscle is this? Origin Insertion Action
* Rhomboids: found anterior to trapezius * Rhomboid Minor (UPPER) & Major (LOWER larger section) * Origin: Spinous process of C7-T5 * Insertion: Medial boarder of scapula (below scapular spine) * Action (of scapula): * Retraction (adduction) * Downward rotation (glenoid fossa drops) * Elevation
69
Label muscle
70
What muscle is this? origin insertion action
Levator Scapulae * Origin: Transverse process of C1-C4 * Insertion: Superior angle of scapula * Pulls up on superior angle * Action (of scapula): * Elevation * Downward rotation * Lateral angle will drop causing downward rotation
71
Name these humeral movements
1. Flexion 2. extension 3. abduction 4. adduction 5. Internal rotation 6. External rotation
72
The glenohumeral joint - joint type Rotator Cuff function
* Glenohumeral joint * Multiaxial ball and socket joint * The most mobile of all joints in the human body * Reduce ligament tautness, allows more movement * Price to pay =stability, higher risk of dislocation as a result * Rotator Cuff: provides mobility, strength & stability of this joint because the ligaments and joint aren't very strong alone muscle helps stabilise and strengthen * Maintains head of humerus within the glenoid fossa] * Allowing other more powerful muscles to effectively move the humerus
73
What are the humeral movements?
74
Glenohumeral joint - muscles by origin (going towards the joint)
* Primary movers include: * Anterior * Pectoralis Major * Coracobrachialis * Subscapularis * Superior * Deltoid * Supraspinatus * Posterior * Latissimus dorsi * Teres major * Teres minor * Infraspinatus
75
Label the surface anatomy
76
What muscle is this? Origin Insertion Action (of there humerus)
Pectoralis Major (2 groups based on direction of myofibres) * Convergent muscle, fans out 1. Upper fibres (Clavicular head) * Origin: Anterior surface of clavicle (sternal half) * Insertion: Lateral lip of intertubercle groove of humerus * Action: * Internal rotation * Horizontal adduction * Flexion * Lateral adduction (90°) * Lateral abduction (\>90°) 2. Lower fibres (Sternal head) * Origin: Anterolateral boarder of sternum * Insertion: Lateral lib of intertubercle groove of humerus (flat tendon) * Action (of humerus): * Internal rotation * Horizontal adduction
77
Pectoralis Major
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80
What muscle is this? origin insertion action
Coracobrachialis: * Origin: Coracoid process of scapula * Insertion: Medial border of humerus shaft * Action (of humerus): * Flexion (caused by contraction) * Lateral Adduction * Horizontal Adduction
81
Name the muscle
Subscapularis: * \*Very important muscle for stabilisation * Origin: Entire subscapular fossa (entire coastal aka anterior surface of the scapula) * Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus * Action (of humerus): * Internal rotation of the head of the humerus * Lateral Adduction * Extension * Stabilization of humeral head\*
82
83
What muscle is this?
Deltoid (3 groups based on direction of myofibres) * Anterior Fibres * Origin: Anterior, acromial end of clavicle * Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity * Action (of humerus): * Lateral abduction * Flexion • Horizontal adduction * Internal rotation * Middle Fibres * Origin: Lateral side of acromion * Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity * Action (of humerus): * Lateral abduction * Posterior Fibres * Origin: Inferior edge of scapular spine * Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity * Action (of humerus): * Lateral Abduction * Extension * Horizontal Abduction * External rotation
84
What muscle is this?
Deltoid muscle
85
What muscle is this?
Supraspinatus: * Origin: Medial supraspinous fossa * Insertion: Superior rim of greater tubercle of humerus * Action (of humerus): * Lateral Abduction * Stabilisation of humeral head
86
Supraspinatus
87
What muscle is this? Origin Insertion Action (of humerus)
Latissimus Dorsi: * Origins: T6-Mid sacrum, the posterior crest of ilium, the lateral curve of last 3 ribs, * Insertion: Medial lip of intertubercular groove of the humerus * Action (of the humerus): * Lateral Adduction * Pulling arm closer to the midline * Extension * Going from posterior to anterior direction * Internal rotation
88
What muscle is this? Origins? Insertion? Action (of the humerus)?
Teres major: * Origins: Posterior surface, just superior to inferior angle on the scapula * Insertion: Medial lip of intertubercular groove of the humerus * Inserts lower than teres minor * Action (of the humerus): * Extension * Internal rotation * Lateral adduction * Has essentially the same function as latissimus dorsi
89
Teres major Latissimus dorsi
90
What muscle is this? Origin Insertion Action (of humerus)
Teres minor: * Origin: Upper middle aspect of lateral boarder of scapula * Insertion: Posterior side of greater tubercle of humerus * Also important for stabilisation * Action (of humerus): * External rotation * Horizontal abduction * Extension * Stabilization of humeral head\*
91
What muscle is this? Origin Insertion Action
Infraspinatus * Origins: Posterior surface of scapula below spine * Insertion: Posterior side of greater tubercle of humerus * Action (of humerus): * External rotation * Horizontal abduction * Extension * Stabilization of humeral head\*
92
What muscles are these?
Infraspinatus Teres minor
93
What muscle is this?
Infraspinatus Teres minor
94
What 7 muscles are scapulohumeral? What does scapulohumeral mean? Which 4 make up the rotator cuff?
* 7 Scapulohumeral * Deltoid * Coracobrachialis * Teres major * Supraspinatus * Infraspinatus * Teres minor * Subscapularis * Scapulohumeral: Muscles that originate at the scapula and insert into the humerus * Rotator Cuff: * Supraspinatus * Infraspinatus * Teres minor * Subscapularis
95
Rotator Cuff Functions
* The Rotator Cuff provides mobility, strength & stability of this joint * Maintains/stabilizes head of humerus within the glenoid fossa * Produces/supports all the rotations required for everyday life
96
Label the diagrams
97
The glenohumeral joint; rotator cuff - clinical appreciation
* Rotator cuff impingement syndrome * One of the most common causes of shoulder pain * Tendons of these muscles become irritated/inflamed * Mainly supraspinatus & infraspinatus * Pain, weakness & loss of movement
98
Review image of insertions and origin
99
Label the elbow flexion muscles
* Deltoid * Pectoralis major * bicep brachii short head * bicep brachii long head * Brachialis * Brachioradialis * Extensor carpi radialis brevis * Extensor carpi ulnaris
100
The elbow flexion muscles
* Biceps brachii * Brachialis * Brachioradialis
101
The elbow flexion muscles
Brachialis Brachioradialis Biceps Brachii + Biciptal aponeurosis(cut) Cubital Fossa
102
Label the cubital fossa
Superior Boarder: Between medial & lateral epicondyles Medial Border: Pronator Teres Lateral Boarder: Brachioradialis
103
The elbow extension muscles
Lateral head Long head Medial head
104
Anconeus
105
The forearm pronation muscles
106
The forearm pronation muslces
Pronator quadratus
107
The forearm pronation muscle
Pronator Quadratus
108
The forearm supination muscles
Supinator
109
The Wrist flexion muscles
Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris
110
The wrist extension muscle
Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris
111
112

MSK (5 decks)

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