Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio > module 2.1 > Flashcards

module 2.1 Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

plasma membrane?

A

phosolipid by layer that controls entry/exit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nucleus?

A
  • has a nucleolus (contains RNA & makes ribosomes)
  • MRNA leaves through pores
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pores (substances to enter/leave)
  • inside nucleus= chromatin (chromosomes) found here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

RER?

A
  • doubler membrane with cisternae for transporting molecules

- contains ribosomes for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SER?

A

-synthesise cholesterol and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Golgi?

A
  • receives proteins from ribosomes in a vesicle(small membrane sac)
  • proteins are folded, processed & sent to membrane in vesicle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lysosomes?

A

-bind to old organelles & pathogens to release enzymes and digest them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Centriole?

A
  • animal cells only
  • involved in cilli & pseudopodia formation (2.5)
  • involved in cell division (2.6)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mitochondria?

A
  • site of aerobic respiration

- membrane bound organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the 3 plant only organelles?

A

cell wall, permanent vacuole, chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PLANTS ONLY- chloroplasts?

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • membrane bound organelle
  • high internal surface area for photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PLANTS ONLY-permanent vacuole?

A
  • membrane bound( called tonoplast)
  • contains sap
  • maintains turgidity (firmness)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PLANTS ONLY- cell wall?

A
  • made out of cellulose(sugar)

- protects the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

a collection of filaments and tubules that give the cell its shape and structure + allows movement within a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

state necessary things about microfilaments

A

polymers of actin
provide shape and structure
very small
7nm diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

state necessary things about microtubules

A

polymers of tubulin
provide a transport network for KINESINS( motor proteins) to pull vesicles + organelles around the cell
used in mitosis and flagella
18-30 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a stage micrometre

A

standard sized ruler to calibrate microscopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is an eye graticule

A

standard sized ruler in the eyepiece that remains in focus at all times. used for measuring cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

compare eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells (6)

A 
eukaryotic:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
true nucleus
membrane bound organelles(eg golgi)
larger (usually)
animal/plant/fungi/protists

Prokaryotic
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
smaller
bacteria+archea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

prokaryotic cells:

pilli?

A

attaching to other surfaces or cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

~prokaryotic cells:

plasma membrane

A

~surrounds cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

prokaryotic cells:

no nucleus/ loose dna

Study These Flashcards
A

continuous loop, no histones

22
Q

prokaryotic cells:

ribosomes

Study These Flashcards
A

smaller

no rer

23
Q

prokaryotic cells:

cytoplasm

Study These Flashcards
A

no cytoskeletal structures

24
Q

prokaryotic cells: wall around it name??

Study These Flashcards
A

peptidoglycan wall (protein)

25
prokaryotic cells: plasmids?
small circle of genetic material
26
prokaryotic cells: flagellum
mobility
27
name all the structures in prokaryotic cells:
- pilli - no nucleus, loose DNA - cytoplasm - plasma membrane - ribosomes - plasmids - flagellum - no membrane bound organelles - peptidoglycan wall (protein) - protective waxy capsule surrounding cell wall
28
how can bacteria pass on genetic material between organisms? (1)
pilus draws bacteria together
29
how can bacteria pass on genetic material between organisms? (4)
plasmids can be passed from one bacterium to an adjacent bacterium. This naturally occurring phenomenon allows beneficial traits to spread quickly. -used to produce desired proteins
30
what is the Endosymbiotic theory
explains how early eukaryotic cells consumed respiring bacteria+ photosynthesising bacteria for mutual benefits.
31
what is millimetres to micrometres?
1mm= 1000um
32
what is micrometres to nanometers?
1um=1000nm
33
coordination between organelles- state how proteins are made
1. a gene is copied into a molecule of MRNA (messenger RNA). This is called TRANSCRIPTION. 2. the mRNA leaves the nucleus via a pore and travels to the ribosome on RER. 3. The mRNA is read by a ribosome in triplet code to make a primary structure protein, this is called TRANSLATION. 4. The primary structure protein is budded off the RER in a vesicle and moved to the golgi body. 5. At the golgi, the primary structure proteins are folded into secondary/tertiary/quaternary structure formation. Other components are added to the protein. 6. The finished protein is budded off the golgi into a vesicle and moved to the plasma membrane. 7. Vesicle merges with plasma membrane and the proteins released from the cell. This is called EXOCYTOSIS.
34
Coordination between organelles:7 steps of making proteins
1. A gene is copied into a molecule of mRNA(TRANSCRIPTION) 2. The mRNA leaves the nucleus via a pore and travels to the ribosome on RER. 3. The mRNA is read by a ribosome in triplet code to make it a primary structure protein. 4. The primary structure protein is budded off the RER in a vesicle and moved to the Golgi body. 5. At the golgi, the primary structure protein is folded into secondary/tertiary/ quaternary formation. 6. The finished protein is budded off the golgi into a vesicle and moved to the plasma membrane. 7. Vesicle merges with plasma membrane and the protein is released from the cell (EXOCYTOSIS)
35
state general things about optical microscopes... red and mag included
rely on lenses to focus a beam of light. mag up to x1500. and res (0.2um)
36
advantages of optical microscopes
cheap, easy to use, specimen can be alive
37
disadvantages of optical microscopes
low mag, low res
38
advantages of tems
high level mag/res | fine detail can be observed
39
disadvantages of tems
large, expensive, specimens have to be dead. skills and training needed.
40
advantages of sems
3D image given, high mag, depth of field given
41
disadvantages of sems
black and white image, expensive, large, specimens have to be dead
42
how do laser scanning microscopes work
use laser light to scan an object point by point and assemble it by computer
43
advantages of laser scanning microscopes
can focus on structures at diff depths within a specimen so can observe whole living specimens
44
disadvantages of laser scanning microscopes
costly, relatively small field of vision
45
state 4 similarities and differences between bacterial cells (prokaryotes) and fungal cells (eukaryotes)
- both have ribosomes in the cytoplasm - only fungi have a membrane bound nucleus - bacteria have plasmids, fungi do not. - both have cell walls. Fungal is made of CHITTIN and bacteria is PEPTIDOGLYCAN.
46
uses of light microscope, TEM, SEM, laser scanning!!
light microscope- whole cells and tissues TEM- organelles SEM- cell surfaces laser scanning- an object at a certain depth within a cell
47
resolution and magnification of: light microscope; TEM; SEM;
light microscope; x1500 |200nm (0.2um) TEM; x500000 | 0.2nm SEM; x100000 | 0.2 nm
48
how do you find the value of one eyepiece division
1000/total magnification =___um
49
why do specimens need to be stained
to make them visible, to increase contrast
50
2 processes inside cells that rely on cell movement
- chromosomes in cell division | - exocytosis

bio (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions