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HYDROLOGY > MODULE 2.1 > Flashcards

MODULE 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

the interdisciplinary scientific study of
the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and short term forecasting.

A

Meteorology

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2
Q

are observable weather events which illuminate and are explained by the science of meteorology.

A

Meteorological Phenomena

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3
Q

refers to the gases surrounding a star or
planetary body held in place by gravity.

A

Atmosphere

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4
Q

COMPOSITIONOF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon 0.09%
Carbon Dioxide 0.03%
Trace Substances 0.07%

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5
Q

MOST ABUNDANT COMPONENTS

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon 0.09%

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6
Q

ABUNDANT COMPONENT

A

CARBON DIOXIDE
OZONE
ATMOSPHERIC DUST
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
AIR POLLUTION
WATER VAPOR

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7
Q

TRACE SUBSTANCES

A

NEON
HELIUM
METHANE
WATER VAPOR
KRYPTON
HYDROGEN
XENON

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8
Q

STRUCTURE OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

A

TROPOSPHERE
STRATOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
THERMOSPHERE
EXOSPHERE

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9
Q

the lowest layer and closest to the Earth’s surface.
- contains approximately 75% of the Earth’s
atmosphere.
- about 99% of the total atmospheric water vapors
and aerosols are present.
0-12.18 KM THICKNESS
WEATHER ACTIVITIES
GREEN HOUSE GASSES

A

TROPOSPHERE

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10
Q

is found to be the high-temperature region and the temperature decreases along with increased altitude.
6.5 degrees per km

A

TROPOSPHERE

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11
Q

the outer membrane of the troposphere is the

A

tropopause

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12
Q

the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere.
- the significance of this region is the presence of an ozone layer.
- the temperature increases along with an increase in altitude.
0 degrees
atmospheric condition is stable

A

STRATOSPHERE

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13
Q

the outermost region is known

A

stratopause

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14
Q

the coldest region of the Earth’s atmosphere a few weather conditions like a particular type of cloud that is polar mesospheric noctilucent clouds formed here.
also known for the destructive region for meteors.
85 degrees

A

MESOSPHERE

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15
Q

the outermost region is known

A

mesopause

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16
Q

LOW DENSITY OF AIR

A

TROPOSPHERE EXPANSION

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17
Q

HIGH DENSITY OF AIR

A

TROPOSPHERE CONTRACTION

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18
Q

the height of the thermosphere varies due to increased solar activities.
- Temperature may reach 1500°C, yet, due to the least number of atoms, the heat energy remains low.
- auroras are also seen in this sphere.
hydrogen and helium ions are present in the outer layer of this sphere
international space station
400 km - 1000 km thickness

A

THERMOSPHERE

19
Q

the outermost layer of the atmosphere that directly connects with space.
- atoms and molecules present in this region move extremely fast.
- a very thin layer of air is present in the exosphere.

A

EXOSPHERE

20
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
-is the condition of the atmosphere in one
place during a short period of time.

A

Weather

21
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
is the weather pattern typical for an area over a long period of time.

A

Climate

22
Q

is the ability of the atmosphere
to retain its position.
UNSTABLE , STABLE, NEUTRAL

A

Atmospheric Stability

23
Q

NEAR AT THE ATMOSPHERE
LESS DENSE
THUNDER STORM
RISING
VERTICAL MOTION OF AIR PARCEL IS ENCOURAGED

A

UNSTABLE

24
Q

SINKING
RESIST THE RISING OF AIR PARCEL
TEMPERATURE DECREASE
COLD OR HOT

A

STABLE

25
Q

AIR PARCEL MAY RISE OR SINK
STAY THE SAME

A

NEUTRAL

26
Q

refers to a volume of air, large enough to
contain a great number of molecules, but small enough so that energy (heat) and mass (air molecules) are nearly constant within its boundaries.

A

AIR PARCEL

27
Q

WHEN AIR PARCEL RISE IT ___________ AND ___

A

EXPAND AND COOLING

28
Q

HEN AIR PARCEL SINKING IT ___________ AND ___

A

COMPRESS OR HEAT

29
Q

no exchange of energy with the
outside environment.

A

Adiabatic

30
Q

The rate of temperature decrease of the rising dry air parcel, it is usually 9.8 degrees centigrade per km.

Dry condensed less when going up and latent heat of evaporation is less compared to normal lapse rate, hence temperature decrease is more with altitude.

A

DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE

31
Q

The global average tropospheric lapse rate is 6.5 K ∙ km−1 , which is stable for dry lifting.
In general for a dry air parcel, the following is true.
Γd = Γenv
Γd < Γenv
Γd > Γenv

A

DRY STABILITY

32
Q

The rate of temperature decrease of the rising humid air parcel, it is usually 4.5 degrees centigrade per km.
The latent heat of evaporation is released more when air goes up, hence temperature decrease is less of rising air and creates instability.

A

MOIST ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE

33
Q

if the environmental lapse rate is
less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate.

A

Absolutely Stable

34
Q

if the environmental lapse rate is
greater than the dry adiabatic lapse rate.

A

Absolutely Unstable

35
Q

if the environmental lapse rate is between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates.

A

Conditionally Unstable

36
Q

VARIABLES INFLUENCING THE ATMPOSPHERE

A

TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
PRESSURE
CLOUDINESS
WINDS

37
Q

INSTRUMENTS

A

THERMOMETER
HYGROMETER
BAROMETER
ANEMOMETER
WIND VANE

38
Q

is an instrument used to measure the air temperature.
The temperature can be measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.

A

thermometer

39
Q

When the temperature increases, the mercury increases. When the temperature decreases, the mercury in the thermometer falls.

A

thermometer

40
Q

is an instrument used to measure the humidity of the air.

A common way this device works is by
using the materials that attracts moisture.

This material changes depending on how
dehydrated it is. Also, it has two bulbs:
one wet and one dry.

A

HYGROMETER

41
Q

is an instrument used to measure air pressure.
Meteorologists can determine whether
the air pressure is rising or falling
This data can then be used to predict specific weather conditions. High pressure is an indication of good weather, while low pressure indicates stormy weather.

A

BAROMETER

42
Q

is an instrument used to measure wind speed.

A

anemometer

43
Q

is an instrument used to
determine the direction from which
air is moving.

It is usually mounted to the highest
peak on the roof.

A

WIND VANE

44
Q

are often combined into one instrument
to gather information about moving air.

A

anemometer and a wind vane

HYDROLOGY (8 decks)

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