MODULE 2A: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN MAPPING

Question 1

• Any picture, drawing or group of objects that help understand a place
• A scaled model or reality

Answer 1

Map

Question 2

mapped records of ambush areas for ancient hunters

Answer 2

Cave paintings

Question 3

depict physical spatial elements from the community’s POV in 2D

Answer 3

Sketch maps

Question 4

Elements of a Map

Answer 4

1. Scale
2. Distance
3. Direction
4. Location
5. Coordinates
6. Symbols
7. Type of Map

Question 5

The relationship between a unit of length on a map and the corresponding length on the ground (Usually expressed in a ration (1:100))

Answer 5

Scale

Question 6

Measurement of how far one point is to another

Answer 6

Distance

Question 7

can be determined in the map through scale

Answer 7

Ground distance

Question 8

main tool for measuring direction or bearing

Answer 8

Compass

Question 9

Physical place where appoint is found on the Earth’s surface

Answer 9

Location

Question 10

Types of location

Answer 10

1. Absolute location
2. Relative location

Question 11

using coordinates (latitude and longitude)

Answer 11

Absolute location

Question 12

e.g. 3 km northwest of CHE building

Answer 12

Relative location

Question 13

Pair of numbers that describe a location usually expressed in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds (DMS) format

Answer 13

Coordinates

Question 14

Legend in the map guides the reader what each symbol, pattern and line means

Answer 14

Symbols

Question 15

Types of maps

Answer 15

1. Topographic Maps (“topo” maps)
2. Thematic Maps

Question 16

shows the shape and features of the land

Answer 16

Topographic Maps (“topo” maps)

Question 17

made to highlight certain subjects or themes

Answer 17

Thematic Maps

Question 18

Three fields that focus on mapping

Answer 18

1. Cartography
2. Geography
3. Geodesy

Question 19

Art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart

Answer 19

Cartography

Question 20

Study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants and phenomena

Answer 20

Geography

Question 21

Science of accurately measuring and understanding the Earth’s geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field (NOAA)

Answer 21

Geodesy

Question 22

Geodesy is the science of accurately measuring and understanding the Earth’s __________, ___________, and ___________

Answer 22

1. geometric shape
2. orientation in space
3. gravity field

Question 23

A known constant surface which can be used to describe the location of unknown points

Answer 23

Reference Datum

Question 24

By using an ______________ as a datum of the earth, we approximate the shape of the earth fairly well and provide a datum to which all points on the earth can be referenced from

Answer 24

oblate ellipsoid

Question 25

Universally used reference datum - used by the Global Positioning System (GPS)

Answer 25

WGS 84

Question 26

WGS 84 is comprised of 4 things:

Answer 26

1. Reference Ellipsoid 2. Standard Coordinate System 3. Vertical Datum (Elevation) 4. Horizontal Datum

Question 27

Other reference systems used in the PH

Answer 27

1. Luzon Datum 1911 2. Philippine Reference System 1992 (PRS92)

Question 28

Reference system for the first modern geodetic survey in the PH

Answer 28

Luzon Datum 1911

Question 29

Homogenous national network of geodetic control points (GCP), marked by concrete monuments (mojons), established using GPS technology

Answer 29

Philippine Reference System 1992 (PRS92)

Question 30

Coordinate Systems

Answer 30

1. Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) 2. Projected Coordinate System (PCS)

Question 31

Uses a 3-dimensional spherical surface to define locations on the earth

Answer 31

Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)

Question 32

Defined on a flat, 2-dimensional surface which has constant lengths, angles, and areas

Answer 32

Projected Coordinate System (PCS)

Question 33

x-values

Answer 33

longitude

Question 34

y-values

Answer 34

latitude

Question 35

What is the longitude and latitude measured in?

Answer 35

angular degrees

Question 36

A system which gives the relation between the position of a point on Earth and that of the same point on a map

Answer 36

Map Projections

Question 37

Map projections aims to transform a part of the Earth’s surface from a globe onto a ________, at the same time keeping distortions in _______, _____ and _______ as small as possible

Answer 37

1. plane 2. shape, area, and distance

Question 38

Types of Map Projections

Answer 38

1. Cylindrical Projection 2. Conical Projection 3. Azimuthal or Planar Projection 4. Transverse Mercator

Question 39

Map Projection: Gives true relative projection for countries near the equator; distorted near the poles. Area is preserved.

Answer 39

Cylindrical Projection

Question 40

Map Projection: Area and distance is distorted especially at the bottom. Scale is preserved.

Answer 40

Conical Projection

Question 41

Map Projection: Distortion at the four corners of the edges where it is farthest from the globe

Answer 41

Azimuthal or Planar Projection

Question 42

Capable of mapping a large extent of North-South region with a low amount of distortion (Direction and shapes are correct)

Answer 42

Transverse Mercator

Question 43

Most used Traverse Mercator

Answer 43

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Question 44

Allows precise measurements using meter as a basic unit of measure (universally accepted by the scientific community)

Answer 44

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)