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Cognitive Psychology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

It is the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli.

A

Perception

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2
Q

It is an innate ability whilst perceptual adaptation and readjustment studies suggest it is a result of learning.

A

Perception

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3
Q

He introduced the concepts of distal (external) object, informational medium, proximal stimulation, and perceptual object.

A

James Gibson

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4
Q

It is when the informational medium carries information about a distal object to a person.

A

Perceptual Continuum

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5
Q

It is when the person’s sense receptors pick up on the information, proximal stimulation occurs, which results in the person’s perceiving an object.

A

Perceptual Continuum

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6
Q

It is an organ that allow you to see. It can take in light from the world around you and send visual information to your brain. It can see about 200 degrees in all directions, including in front of you and to the sides (peripheral vision).

A

Eyes

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7
Q

It is the colored area of your eye.

A

Iris

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8
Q

It is a clear layer that extends over the iris. It is the water and collagen make up to these.

A

Cornea

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9
Q

It is the one who protect your cornea and keep it lubricated.

A

Tear

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10
Q

It is the black circle which is an opening or window in the middle of your iris.

A

Pupil

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11
Q

It expands and contracts to control how much light gets into your eye.

A

Pupil

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12
Q

It is the white parts of your eye that surround the iris.

A

Sclera

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13
Q

It is a clear thin tissue that covers the sclera and lines the inside of your eyelids.

A

Conjunctiva

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14
Q

It sits behind the pupil. It focuses the light that comes into your eye and sends light to the back of your eye.

A

Lens

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15
Q

It is a collection of cells that line the inside of the back of your eye. It senses light and convert it into electrical impulses or neural signals.

A

Retina

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16
Q

It is a cell that help you see in low light.

A

Rods

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17
Q

It is a cell that detect color.

A

Cones

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18
Q

It is a small area that’s part of the retina.

A

Macula

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19
Q

It is responsible for central vision and helping you see fine details and color.

A

Macula

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20
Q

It is behind the retina. It carries signals from the retina to your brain which then interprets that visual information to tell you what you are seeing.

A

Optic Nerve

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21
Q

It controls your eye’s position and movement, and how much light gets into your eye and your eyes’ ability to focus.

A

Muscles

22
Q

It is a transparent gel that fills your entire eye. It protects and maintains the shape of the eye.

A

Vitreous

23
Q

How do your eyes work?

Light enters your eye through the cornea and goes to your lens. Your pupil gets bigger and smaller to control the amount of light that gets into your eye.

A

First Stage

24
Q

How do your eyes work?

Your cornea and lens refract (bend) the light to bring what you’re seeing into focus.

A

Second Stage

25
Q

How do your eyes work?

Light reaches the retina at the back of your eye, and the retina changes the images into electrical impulses or signals.

A

Third Stage

26
Q

How do your eyes work?

The optic nerve transfers these signals to the part of your brain that’s responsible for vision (visual cortex). The optic nerve carries signals from both eyes at once.

A

Fourth Stage

27
Q

How do your eyes work?

Your brain interprets what you’ve seen. It combines the visual information from both eyes and brings it all together into one clear image.

A

Fifth Stage

28
Q

It is responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision). It does not mediate color vision and have a low spatial acuity.

A

Rods

29
Q

It is responsible for night vision and are sensitive to light and dark stimuli.

A

Rods

30
Q

It is active at higher light levels (photopic vision). It is capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity.

A

Cones

31
Q

It is a short and thick photoreceptor and allow for the perception of color.

A

Cones

32
Q

It is where the light levels where both are operational.

A

Mesopic

33
Q

It is a theory where young infants (4 days–5 months old) were shown discs that either were blank or had features that resembled those of the human face in the correct position or jumbled up and showed a preference for the discs that most closely resembled the face.

A

Fantz’s Visual Preference Task

34
Q

It is a theory where perception was innate and that a basic level of preference for social stimuli was developed even at this age.

A

Fantz’s Visual Preference Task

35
Q

It is a experiment where babies (6½ –12 months old) were reluctant to crawl onto the deep side, thus supporting the idea that depth cues are innate because they are developed even at this age.

A

Gibson & Walk’s Visual Cliff Experiment

36
Q

It is a theory where infants usually develop their sensory and motor abilities in the sensorimotor stage before the age of two and their subsequent interaction with the world aids the development of innate schemas and then they can form new schemas through the process of accommodation.

A

Piaget’s Enrichment Theory

37
Q

It a theory where it develops once distinctive features of objects can be transferred across situations and once they can be differentiated from irrelevant stimuli. Such differentiation tends to occur as a product of age.

A

Differentiation Theory

38
Q

It is a theory where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye.

A

Bottom-Up Theories

39
Q

It is part of Bottom-Up Theory where the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.

A

Direct Perception

40
Q

It is part of Bottom-Up Theory where it suggests that we have stored in our mind’s myriad sets of templates such as a highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize.

A

Template Theories

41
Q

It is part of Bottom-Up Theory where we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype.

A

Feature Theories

42
Q

It is part of Bottom-Up Theory where that explains our ability to perceive 3D objects with the help of simple geometric shapes.

A

Recognition-by-Components Theory

43
Q

It is a theory where perception comprises not merely a low-level set of cognitive processes, but a quite sophisticated set of processes that interact with and are guided by human intelligence.

A

Top-Down Theories

44
Q

It states that people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the background. Its either stand out prominently in the front (the figure) or recede into the back (the ground).

A

Figure-Ground

45
Q

It states that things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are spaced farther apart. It is so powerful that it overrides similarity of color, shape, and other factors that might differentiate a group of objects.

A

Proximity

46
Q

It states that when things appear to be like each other, we group them together. And we also tend to think they have the same function.

A

Similarity

47
Q

It states that elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or curve.

A

Continuity

48
Q

It states that when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern. It is when you see an image that has missing parts, your brain will fill in the blanks and make a complete image so you can still recognize the pattern.

A

Closure

49
Q

It states that when objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together.

A

Common Region

50
Q

It states that whatever stands out visually will capture and hold the viewer’s attention first.

A

Focal Point

Cognitive Psychology (5 decks)

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