MODULE 3 Flashcards
SHOCK (10 cards)
Which of the following best defines the pathophysiology of shock?
A. Inadequate tissue perfusion leading to cellular dysfunction
B. Excessive blood pressure causing endothelial damage
C. Overproduction of oxygen free radicals in cells
D. Increased blood flow to tissues leading to swelling
A. Inadequate tissue perfusion leading to cellular dysfunction
Explanation: Shock is characterized by inadequate perfusion of tissues, resulting in cellular dysfunction due to insufficient oxygen and nutrient delivery. This leads to metabolic disturbances and, if untreated, organ failure.
Which of the following is a key pathophysiological mechanism in septic shock?
A. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity
B. Excessive vasodilation due to inflammatory mediators
C. Hypercoagulability of blood
D. Decreased capillary permeability
B. Excessive vasodilation due to inflammatory mediators
Explanation: In septic shock, an overwhelming infection leads to the release of inflammatory mediators, causing excessive vasodilation, leading to decreased systemic vascular resistance and inadequate tissue perfusion.
Which type of shock is characterized by a sudden decrease in blood volume, leading to inadequate perfusion of organs?
A. Cardiogenic shock
B. Hypovolemic shock
C. Neurogenic shock
D. Anaphylactic shock
B. Hypovolemic shock
Explanation: Hypovolemic shock occurs due to significant fluid loss, such as from hemorrhage or dehydration, resulting in decreased blood volume and inadequate perfusion of tissues and organs.
A patient with severe chest pain and low blood pressure is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. What is the primary pathophysiological cause of cardiogenic shock?
A. Decreased blood volume
B. Severe infection leading to vasodilation
C. Impaired heart pumping ability
D. Increased vascular resistance
C. Impaired heart pumping ability
Explanation: In cardiogenic shock, the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and inadequate tissue perfusion. This can result from conditions such as myocardial infarction or heart failure.
Which of the following clinical signs is most indicative of early shock?
A. Hyperthermia and hyperreflexia
B. Hypotension and tachycardia
C. Hyperventilation and bradycardia
D. Cold, dry skin with low blood sugar
B. Hypotension and tachycardia
Explanation: Early shock typically presents with hypotension (low blood pressure) and tachycardia (increased heart rate) as the body attempts to compensate for reduced perfusion.
Which of the following is a common feature of compensatory stage shock?
A. Profound metabolic acidosis
B. Bradycardia and decreased blood pressure
C. Tachycardia and increased systemic vascular resistance
D. Decreased respiratory rate and normal urine output
C. Tachycardia and increased systemic vascular resistance
Explanation: In the compensatory stage of shock, the body compensates for reduced perfusion by increasing heart rate (tachycardia) and systemic vascular resistance to maintain blood pressure and perfusion.
In which stage of shock does the patient experience severe tissue hypoxia and organ dysfunction that is potentially reversible with aggressive intervention?
A. Irreversible shock
B. Compensatory shock
C. Progressive shock
D. Recovery shock
C. Progressive shock
Explanation: In progressive shock, the body’s compensatory mechanisms fail, leading to widespread tissue hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, and potential organ dysfunction. However, if treated aggressively, it can be reversed before it becomes irreversible.
What is the initial management priority in the treatment of shock?
A. Administration of vasopressors
B. Rapid infusion of fluids to restore circulatory volume
C. Providing oxygen therapy
D. Immediate surgical intervention
B. Rapid infusion of fluids to restore circulatory volume
Explanation: The initial management of shock typically involves restoring circulatory volume with intravenous fluids to improve tissue perfusion and stabilize blood pressure, especially in hypovolemic and septic shock.
In which type of shock would the use of epinephrine (adrenaline) be most appropriate as part of the management plan?
A. Neurogenic shock
B. Cardiogenic shock
C. Anaphylactic shock
D. Hypovolemic shock
C. Anaphylactic shock
Explanation: In anaphylactic shock, epinephrine (adrenaline) is the first-line treatment to counteract severe allergic reactions, reduce inflammation, and restore blood pressure and airway patency.
Which of the following is NOT a common strategy in managing shock?
A. Blood transfusion in cases of hemorrhagic shock
B. Administration of inotropic agents in cardiogenic shock
C. Administration of vasopressors to increase blood pressure in septic shock
D. Antipyretic treatment for fever management in shock
D. Antipyretic treatment for fever management in shock
Explanation: While blood transfusions, inotropic agents, and vasopressors are critical in the management of different types of shock, antipyretic treatment is not typically a priority for managing shock unless fever is contributing to a specific underlying cause (e.g., sepsis).
