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POPLHLTH 111 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Population measures of SEP

A 
Area Measures:
- deprivation
- access
Population Measures:
- literacy rates
- GDP per capita
- income inequality
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2
Q

Individual measures of SEP

A 
Education
Income
Wealth/Assets
Occupation
Housing
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3
Q

Deprivation = ?

A

a state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community/nation/wider society to which an individual/family/group belongs.

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4
Q

Poverty = ?

A

lack of resources and income to obtain a normative standard of living.

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5
Q

Main causes of the causes?

A

belonging to a marginalized group –> discrimination –> access to education –> educational attainment –> employment status –> income –> access to healthcare

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6
Q

PROGRESS

A 
P = place of residence
R = religion
O = occupation
G = gender/sex
R = race/ethnicity/culture/language
E = education
S = social capital 
S = socioeconomic status
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7
Q

Implication of income inequities?

A
  1. less social cohesion –> reduced social capital and civic participation
  2. more unequal society –> some do not have resources to participate in productive activity –> reduced productivity
  3. less trust between groups
  4. reduced economic productivity
  5. increased stress
  6. poorer health outcomes
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8
Q

Why reduce inequities?

A
  1. they are unfair
  2. they are avoidable
  3. they affect everyone
  4. reducing them will be more cost effective (allows for teamwork and reduced stress).
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9
Q

Why measure population data?

- trends

A

birth
mortality
morbidity
migration

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10
Q

Why measure population data

- application

A 
unemployment/pensions/benefits
crime
health service utilisation
voter turnout/who votes for who
education pathways
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11
Q

NZDep Variables (9)

A 
communication (people under 65 w/o internet access)
income (means tested benefit)
income (below income threshold)
employment (18-64 unemployed)
qualification (18-64 no qualifications)
owned home (ppl not in own home)
support (single parent family)
living space (equivalised household below room occupancy threshold)
transport (ppl w/o access to car)
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12
Q

IMD Variables (7)

A

employment (unemployed working age people)
income (those w/o sufficient income receiving state-funded financial assistance)
crime (material & personal safety. measure of neighbourhood security)
housing (overcrowding & proportion of renters)
health (ill health and mortality rates)
education (youth disengagement and lack of qualifications)
access (cost and inconvenience to access basic services)

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13
Q

Element of a healthy enviornment (6)

A 
clean air and water
appropriate housing
access to wholesome food
safe community spaces
transport access
opportunity to exercise
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14
Q

Define ‘built environment’

A

all the buildings, spaces and products that are created, r at least significantly modified by people.

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15
Q

Ways of measuring the built environment (4)

A

urban density (population, employment, housing)
access to facilities and resources
street connectivity
land-use mix (residential, commercial, industrial, wasteland)

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16
Q

Community Resource domains (6)

A
  1. shopping facilities
  2. recreation
  3. education
  4. health
  5. social
  6. public transport
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17
Q

5 A’s of Access

A 
availability
accommodation
affordability
accessibility
acceptability
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18
Q

Availability definition

A

the relationship between the volume and type of resources and services with the volume and type of client need
–> existence of service barrier

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19
Q

Availability questions (4)

A

satisfaction with you’re ability to find a doctor that can treat your entire family well?
confidence in obtaining good medical care for your family when needed?
satisfaction with accessing medical services in an emergency?
satisfaction with your knowledge of where to get healthcare?

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20
Q

Accommodation definition

A

the relationship between the manner in which supply resources are organised and the expectations of clients
–> organisational barrier

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21
Q

Accommodation questions (4)

A

satisfaction with wait time to get an appointment
satisfaction with time in waiting room
satisfaction with contacting your physician
satisfaction with office hours of physician

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22
Q

Acceptability definition

A

relationship between attitudes of client and provider on what constitutes appropriate care
–> psychosocial barriers

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23
Q

Acceptability questions (3)

A

appearance of doctors office?
people you see at the office?
the neighbourhood of the office?

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24
Q

Accessibility definition

A

relationship between the location of the provider and the location of the client, accounting for transport resources, cost, time, distance
–> geographic barrier

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25
Accessibility questions (2)
how difficult is it to get to your provider? | how convenient are offices to your home?
26
Affordability definition
relationship between the cost of the provider service and the willingness and ability to pay of the client. --> financial barrier
27
Affordability questions (3)
satisfaction with doctor's prices? satisfaction with health insurance? satisfaction with the amount of time you have to pay the bill?
28
data linkage approaches
deterministic | probabilistic
29
deterministic data linkage
exact matches based on personal data that is common amongst all the data to be linked
30
probabilistic data linkage
statistical weights are used to determine the probability that the data in questions from different sources are from the same individual
31
what is data linkage
the process of matching records from different sources based on 'key' information (usually personal info)
32
challenges of big data
data governance data generation data output
33
data governance
the practices and processes to ensure the formal management of data within an organisation
34
data generation
data quality = more important with bigger data | increased quantity of data does not ensure improved data quality
35
data output
including analysis | querying large data sets and generating meaningful and reliable outputs
36
5 safes
``` people projects settings data output ```
37
privacy
the ability of a person to control the availability of information about themselves
38
security
how the agency stores and controls the access to data it has
39
confidentiality
protection of information about individuals and organisations. ensuring those that are not authorised cannot access the data
40
research opportunities with big data
machine learning AI data mining smart cities
41
implications of big data?
- "what if" scenarios can influence policy - anonymity is not guaranteed - indirect discrimination as AI learns from individual choices and biases - -> BIASES - data control - privacy policy - "informed consent" ?? how is your data controlled. - data sharing and collaboration
42
epi triangle - host
organism harbouring the disease - -> carrier - -> the sick individual
43
epi triangle - environment
external factors that allow the disease to occur or allow it to be transmitted
44
epi triangle - agent
microbe/organism which causes the disease
45
endemic
normal level of disease in a population | fluctuations are expected
46
outbreak
an occurrence of disease higher than expected/not expected in a community/region at a specific time/place. smaller, localised area
47
epidemic
an occurrence of new disease substantially higher than expected (the baseline) over a wider geographic area
48
pandemic
an epidemic which is spread over many countries | e.g. H1N1
49
basic reproduction number
the number of cases 1 case will generate on average over its infectious period R0>1 --> disease spreads R0<1 --> disease dies out R0 = probability (disease transmittied) * number of contacts * duration of the infectiousness
50
SIR model
deterministic models | - we assume we know about the population, and compartmentalise everyone into SIR
51
how to make SIR model more complex?
- exposure - vaccination - use stochastic, agent-based, multistate models to predict the likelihood of coming into contact with others.
52
what is herd immunity
a form of indirect protections from infectious disease that occurs when a large proportion of the population is immune to an infection, therefore providing a measure of protection for individuals that are not immune
53
strengths of big data and communicable disease?
- help us to see trends/patterns/associations - we can predict disease trajectory - can be used to improve patient and healthcare, and reduce healthcare costs
54
limitations of big data and communicable disease?
- hard to manage with traditional soft/hardware - curse of dimensionality --> many many different sources that must be interpreted together. difficulty in linking data - privacy issues
55
7 V's of Big data
volume variety veracity velocity variability value visulisation
56
volume (big data)
computing capacity needed to store and and analyse data
57
velocity
speed at which data can be produced and analysed
58
variety
different data sources available | e.g. text, images, social media, administrative
59
veracity
truth and credibility of data
60
variability
internal consistency of your data
61
value
cost of producing and analysing bid data | should pay dividends for organisation and patients
62
visualisation
using novel ways to communicate findings and patterns that would otherwise be found in big tables of data e.g. infographics, graphs
63
what is ecological fallacy
the error that arises when information about groups of people is used to make inferences about individuals
64
structure
the social and physical environmental conditions/patterns (social determinants) which influence the opportunities available and the choices made
65
agency
the ability of an individual to act independently and to make free choices.
66
WHO commision on Social determinants of health overarching recs
1. improve daily living conditions 2. tackle the inequitable distribution of money, power, resources 3. measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action (PROBLEM AND ACTION)
67
5 pillars of action on road safety (UN General Assembly)
1. road safety management 2. safe roads and mobility 3. safer vehicles 4. safer road users 5. post crash response.
68
ethnicity coding total response strengths
self-identification possible | allows for representation of those who do not identify as a single ethnic group
69
total response weaknesses
hard to manage data hard to compare data as there some data is overlapping complexities in the distribution of funding as population numbers are difficult to determine.
70
prioritised output strengths
allows for small or politically important ethnic groups to not be swamped by European ethnic group. easy to manage data as each person appears only once
71
prioritised output weaknesses
doesn't allow for self-identification may result in the overrepresentation of some ethnic groups simplifies and biases the results.
72
sole/combination output strengths
allows for self-identification | each individual appears only once.
73
sole/combination output weaknesses
not used often | not all ethnicities are identifiable as their combination does not exist on the questionnaire.

POPLHLTH 111 (3 decks)

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