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UTSC PSYA > Module 3 - Biology & Neuroscience > Flashcards

Module 3 - Biology & Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Several different kinds of helper cells that assist neurons in their role as the brain’s communicators, and provide structural support

A

Glial cells

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2
Q

Anything related to nervous system structure or function

A

Neural

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3
Q

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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4
Q

Peripheral means “outer.” This is any part of the nervous system not in the brain or spinal cord

A

Peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

Cells that communicate within the brain and with the body to form thoughts and actions. These cells code information as electrical signals, and also release chemicals that influence other neurons/organs/body parts.

A

Neuron

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6
Q

The ability of neurons and glia to change/adapt to what happens inside and around us.

A

Neuroplasticity

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7
Q

Extensions of the cell body membrane that branch out to communicate with other neurons

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Proteins that are embedded in the cell body membrane and are built to receive chemical messages from neurotransmitters.

A

Receptors

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9
Q

Chemicals released from the end of an axon that acts as messages to other neurons and body parts. These chemicals typically bind to receptors

A

Neurotransmitters

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10
Q

The electrical impulse, or activation energy, that sends a message through a neuron

A

Action potential

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11
Q

The cell body of a neuron.

A

Soma

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12
Q

The intersection between the soma and the axon. This is where the axon begins.

A

Axon hillock

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13
Q

A part of the neuron’s cell membrane that delivers messages to other neurons and body parts

A

Axon

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14
Q

This is the part of the axon that releases the neurotransmitter. Once the action potential gets to the axon terminal, this triggers the release of the neurotransmitter.

A

Axon terminal

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15
Q

The very edge of the axon terminal, where the neurotransmitter exits

A

Terminal button (synaptic knobs)

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16
Q

Little bubbles at the terminal button that store neurotransmitter molecules.

A

Vesicles

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17
Q

A small fluid-filled gap between neurons into which neurotransmitters are released

A

Synapse

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18
Q

The space between the end of the neuron that releases a neurotransmitter (axon terminal) and the end of the receiving neuron (usually a dendrite).

A

Synaptic cleft

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19
Q

A protein and fatty substance that wraps around the axon to protect and increase speed of action potentials (electrical impulses).

A

Myelin

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20
Q

Gaps in the myelin that allow ions to enter into the axon and change the charge inside.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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21
Q

Particles with positive or negative charges. The movement of ions creates electricity.

A

Ions

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22
Q

Something that causes a neuron to move closer to activation (more positive).

A

Excitatory

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23
Q

Something that causes the charge inside a neuron to move away from activation (more negative).

A

Inhibitory

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24
Q

The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter from its axon terminal.

A

Presynaptic

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25
Q

The other side of the synapse. The neuron that contains receptors (usually on dendrites) ready to bind to the neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic neuron.

A

Postsynaptic

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26
Q

Chemicals that come from outside of the body, and mimic or enhance in some way the actions of neurotransmitters. They can be either more effective, the same, or less effective than the normal neurotransmitter produced in the nervous system.

A

Agonists

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27
Q

A substance produced in the body (naturally produced in the body).

A

Endogenous

28
Q

A chemical that comes from outside of the body to shut off a receptor.

A

Antagonists

29
Q

A chemical that comes from outside of the body and either partially enhances, partially mimics, or partially blocks a neurotransmitter action.

A

Partial agonist/antagonist

30
Q

A neurotransmitter that excites (activates) neurons.

A

Glutamate

31
Q

Glial (helper) cells that wrap the myelin insulation around axons in the central nervous system.

A

Oligodendrocytes

32
Q

Glial (helper) cells that wrap the myelin insulation around axons in the peripheral nervous system.

A

Schwann cells

33
Q

Glial (helper) cells that help get nutrition to neurons and maintain the balance of charged particles (ions) inside and outside of the neuron

A

Astrocytes

34
Q

Glial (helper) cells that clean debris and get rid of germs.

A

Microglia

35
Q

Diseases in which parts of the brain slowly die over time, resulting in greater disability as the disease progresses.

A

Neurodegenerative diseases

36
Q

Neurons organized in an interconnected group, dedicated to a set of functions.

A

Neural networks

37
Q

Axons that carry signals away from the central nervous system.

A

Efferents

38
Q

Axons that carry signals to the central nervous system.

A

Afferents

39
Q

The outer part of your brain, with all the bumps (gyri) and valleys (sulci), responsible for all the high-level processing of information.

A

Neocortex

40
Q

The part of your brain closest to your spinal cord that helps regulate life functions like breathing and heart rate.

A

Medulla

41
Q

Literally, of the body. The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of the torso, head, and limbs. These are the nerves that control and communicate with skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic

42
Q

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the more automatic functions of the body.

A

Autonomic

43
Q

The division of your autonomic nervous system that is responsible for resting, digestion, and repairing the body.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

44
Q

The division of your autonomic nervous system that is responsible for things we do that require excitement.

A

Sympathetic nervous system

45
Q

A network of cells in the brain stem (myelencephalon) that regulate awareness/alertness, sleep, and motor functions

A

Pons

46
Q

A network of cells in the pons and medulla that help regulate the level of awareness and alertness in humans.

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

47
Q

A network of neurons and glia grouped together to perform certain functions.

A

Nuclei

48
Q

A network of neurons and glia grouped together to perform certain functions.

A

Ganglia

49
Q

The anterior portion of the frontal lobes, a network of neurons and glia heavily involved in decision making

A

Prefrontal cortex

50
Q

A network of neurons and glia dedicated to regulating emotions, helping regulate endocrine activity, and forming emotional memories.

A

Limbic system

51
Q

A network of neurons and glia (nuclei) that becomes more active when we learn to be fearful and activate our fear response.

A

Amygdala

52
Q

A network of neurons and glia that acts as a gateway for forming new memories.

A

Hippocampus

53
Q

A network that becomes more active when we experience unpleasant things.

A

Cingulate gyrus

54
Q

Interconnected groups of neurons near the base (ventral) of the brain that help us learn movements and coordinate movement patterns

A

Basal ganglia

55
Q

Consisting of clustered groups of neurons called the caudate and putamen, part of the basal ganglia closer to the neocortex that play a central role in coordinating movement

A

Dorsal striatum

56
Q

Consisting of clustered groups of neurons called the globus pallidus (looks like a “pale globe”), substantia nigra (black substance), and the subthalamic nucleus (below the thalamus); part of the basal ganglia closer to the neocortex that play a central role in coordinating movement.

A

Ventral striatum

57
Q

Pale globe: Part of the basal ganglia that plays the role of inhibiting circuits in the thalamus to control how sensory information is coordinated with movement.

A

Globus pallidus

58
Q

Dark substance: Another part of the basal ganglia that sends inhibitory signals to the thalamus in order to coordinate sensory information with motor (movement) plans

A

Substantia nigra

59
Q

“Little brain.” A two-lobed part of the brain posterior to the brainstem that helps coordinate movements and problem-solving

A

Cerebellum

60
Q

Parts of the neocortex that merge information from primary areas like the visual and auditory cortex. These circuits help us make sense of what we take in.

A

Association cortex

61
Q

Opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

62
Q

Areas in the brain where neurons have died. A lesion can occur for many reasons, including trauma (getting hit), drug overdose, disease, stroke, or toxic chemical exposure

A

Lesions

63
Q

Circuits of neurons in the temporal lobe dedicated to receiving and processing messages from the ears through axons of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

A

Primary auditory cortex

64
Q

Circuits in the posterior temporal lobe that seem to be necessary for processing and understanding language

A

Wernicke’s area

65
Q

A network of neurons and glia that helps regulate the production of hormones by the endocrine system, giving it an integral role in governing important bodily functions.

A

Hypothalamus

66
Q

A way of using dye to make neurons, axons, and dendrites visible under a microscope

A

Staining methods

67
Q

A method used in combination with MRI scans that allows white matter (axons with myelin) to be seen on the scan

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

UTSC PSYA (4 decks)

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