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BIOL 130 > Module 3 (Cells and Membranes) > Flashcards

Module 3 (Cells and Membranes) Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water

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2
Q

Influx

A

Movement of a substance into a cell

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3
Q

Efflux

A

Movement of a substance out of a cell

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4
Q

Diffusion

A

Spontaneous
Net movement from high concentration to low concentration

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5
Q

Passive Transport

A

Requires no energy to move molecules across a membrane

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6
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Movement of small molecules or hydrophobic molecules through the cell membrane

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7
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Molecules that move across a concentration gradient, but through a protein transporter

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8
Q

Channel Protein

A

Formed by integral membrane proteins
Selectively permeable
Sometimes exist as gated channels

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9
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Specific molecules bind to transporter and moves across concentration gradient

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10
Q

How does a carrier protein work?

A

A molecule binds to the carrier protein, and it triggers a structural change in the protein. The protein is now exposed to the other membrane surface, and diffuses across concentration gradient.

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11
Q

What type of membrane protein has a transmembrane segment?

A

Integral

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

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13
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

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14
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis

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15
Q

Crenation

A

Animal cells shrivel and die when hypertonic

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16
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Plant cells will pull away from surround cell wall

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17
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution has a lower [solute] than the cell, water moves into cell, cell can burst

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18
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution has higher [solute] than the cell, water leaves cell

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19
Q

Hemolysis

A

Red blood cells swell and eventually burst

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20
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

The pressure from plant cells pushing against their surrounding cell wall

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21
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient, requires energy

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22
Q

Isotonic

A

When the [solute] is equal both inside and outside the cell

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23
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Active transport that directly breaks down ATP to move solutes against a concentration gradient. Usually uses a transporter

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24
Q

Protein carrier

A

Active transporter

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25
Electrochemical Gradient
Has both an electrical (charge) component and a chemical component. Can drive the movement of other molecules through secondary active transport
26
Secondary Active Transport
Uses an electrochemical gradient to move ions across the membrane
27
Antiport
A membrane transport process that carries one substance in one direction and another in the opposite direction.
28
Symport
A membrane transport process that carries two substances in the same direction across the membrane.
29
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesis of proteins and lipids, network of tubules and flattened sacs
30
Lumen
The interior space of the endoplasmic reticulum
31
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has ribosomes, makes proteins
32
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No ribosomes Fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis
33
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis May also be found free in the cytosol
34
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies and sorts proteins and lipids produced by the ER, also adds carbohydrates to proteins and lipids (glycolipids and glycoproteins)
35
Cisternae
Flattened sacs in the golgi apparatus, surrounded by small vesicles
36
Glycosylation
Where sugars are covalently linked to lipids or specific amino acids of proteins
37
Mitochondria
Specialized organelles that harness energy for the cell. They grow and multiply independently and contain their own circular genomes.
38
Cytoskeleton
A protein scaffold that provides the cell structure
39
Cell wall
In plant cells, provides additional support to the cell
40
Vacuoles
Contribute to the structure of a plant cell by maintaining turgor pressure
41
Chloroplasts
Convert the energy from sunlight into chemical energy
42
The Endomembrane System
The system of interconnected organelles within the cell
43
Bulk Transport
Cells bring in and remove larger molecules and particles across the membrane, without breaking continuity of the cell membrane
44
Exocytosis
A vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases contents into the extracellular space
45
Endocytosis
The process where material from outside the cell is brought into a vesicle that can fuse with other organelles, and bring it inside.
46
Invaginates
Forms a pocket around the target material
47
Phagocytosis
(Cell eating) Uptake of particulate matter and delivery to a lysosome via a phagosome
48
Phagosome
Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.
49
Phagocytosis provides...
Nutrition and defense
50
Pinocytosis
(Cell drinking) A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
51
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Material binds to receptor proteins on cell membrane, vesicle forms around it and delivers material to endosomes
52
Endosomes
Transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane
53
Early endosomes
Located near peripheral region of cell.
54
Late endosomes
Located in interior part of the cell, and receive material from early endosomes and Golgi apparatus
55
Clathrin
Protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for receptor-mediated endocytosis
56
Nuclear Envelope
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
57
Nuclear pores
Allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus, found on the nuclear membrane
58
Lysosomes
Specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, they degrade damaged or unneeded macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates). Contain enzymes that allow them to break down material.
59
What is the pH of a lysosome?
Around 5, which is moderated by a proton pump
60
Outer membrane of mitochondria
Contain integral proteins, that form large, nonselective membrane channels called porins
61
Intermembrane space of mitochondria
An aqueous compartment between outer and inner membrane
62
Inner membrane of mitochondria
Highly convoluted, and is the location for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase
63
Mitochondrial matrix
The location of the citric acid cycle, ribosomes and DNA
64
What is the function of a chloroplast?
To be the location where photosynthesis takes place
65
Photosynthesis
Taking the sun's energy and converting it into simple sugars
66
Thylakoid membrane
Contains light-collecting molecules called pigments (eg. chlorophyll) Found in chloroplasts, is inner membrane
67
Thylakoids
Flattened membrane sacs within chloroplast
68
Lumen (chloroplast)
Space inside a thylakoid
69
Grana
The orderly stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast
70
Stroma
Space surrounding thylakoids
71
Cyanobacteria
What do chloroplasts resemble? Where do chloroplasts originate?
72
Proteobacteria
What do mitochondria resemble? Where did mitochondria originate?

BIOL 130 (11 decks)

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