Module 3 Chemical Reactions

Question 1

What are 6 reaction types?

Answer 1

1. Acid/Base
2. Substitution
3. Elimination
4. Addition
5. REDOX
6. Isomerization

Question 2

Transfer of protons from one species to another

Answer 2

Acid/Base Reaction

Question 3

Switching one group for another

Answer 3

Substitution

Question 4

Removing a group completely from the molecule

Answer 4

Elimination

Question 5

Adding a group to the molecule

Answer 5

Addition

Question 6

Changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule

Answer 6

REDOX

Question 7

Rearrangement of groups within the same molecule

Answer 7

Isomerization

Question 8

What are 3 reaction components?

Answer 8

1. Nucelophile
2. Electrophile
3. Catalysts

Question 9

What can receive electrons to form new bonds. They are electron poor species.

Answer 9

Electrophile

Carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, alkynes

Question 10

What are electron rich species?

Examples?

Answer 10

Nucleophile

Anions, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, alkynes

Question 11

What is used to help increase the rate at which a reaction occurs?

Answer 11

Catalyst

Question 12

________ donate electrons.

Answer 12

Nucleophile

Question 13

_______ receive eletrons

Answer 13

Electrophile

Question 14

Neutral to negative the atom is an ______

Answer 14

Electrophile

Question 15

Neutral to positive, the atom is an ______

Answer 15

Nucleophile

Question 16

Name the 3 substitution reactions

Answer 16

1. Nucleophilic
2. Aromatic
3. Acyl

Question 17

Is an alkene a nucleophile or electrophile?

Answer 17

It can be both, just depends on the reaction.

Question 18

What is oxidation?

What is reduction?

Answer 18

Oxidation is loss of electrons (H+) or increase in the number of bonds to O or N.

Reduction is gain of electron (H+) or decrease in the number bonds to O or N.

Question 19

What are the 6 classes of enzymes?

Answer 19

1. Transferase
2. Hydrolase
3. Oxidoreductase
4. Lyase
5. Ligase
6. Isomerase

Question 20

Enzyme that transfer functional groups

Answer 20

Transferase

Question 21

Enzyme that breaks bonds using water (hydrolysis)

Answer 21

Hydrolase

Question 22

Enzyme that catalyze REDOX reactions

Answer 22

Oxidoreductase

Question 23

Enzyme that catalyze elimination reactions

Answer 23

Lyase

Question 24

Enzyme that joins two molecules together

Answer 24

Ligase

Question 25

Enzyme that catalyze structural shifts (intramolecular group transfer)

Answer 25

Isomerase

Question 26

What is the Bronsted-Lowrey definition of an acid and base?

Answer 26

An acid is a proton donor A base is a proton acceptor

Question 27

What is the Lewis definition of an acid and base?

Answer 27

An acid is an electron pair acceptor A base is a electron pair donor

Question 28

What is nucleophilic substitution?

Answer 28

Addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an electron poor species (electrophile)

Question 29

What is an aromatic substitution?

Answer 29

Substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group excluding oxygen or nitrogen.

Question 30

What is an acyl substitution?

Answer 30

Addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an amide, esters, or carboxylic acids

Question 31

Two hallmarks to an elimination rxn?

Answer 31

1. Removal of a group 2. Double or triple bond formation

Question 32

Addition reactions usually involve _______ and _______. Acyl substitution reactions involve ______, _________, and ________.

Answer 32

Aldehyde and Ketones (Addition Reactions) Amides, Esters, and Carboxylic Acids (Substitution Reactions)

Question 33

Adding an OH to an aromatic ring is considered a ___________ reaction.

Answer 33

REDOX

Question 34

What kind of reaction is the very first step of glycolysis?

Answer 34

Isomerization

Question 35

In order for a process to be favored to work, Delta G needs to be _________.

Answer 35

Negative (aka spontaneous reaction)

Question 36

What does a catalyst do?

Answer 36

Increase reaction rate by lowering energy of activation. A catalyst will allow the reaction to go through alternate pathway. Catalyst do not appear in the product and are not consumed during the process.

Question 37

What are the main type of catalyst in biological systems?

Answer 37

Enzymes

Question 38

What are the differences between fibrous and globular proteins?

Answer 38

Fibrous Proteins - structural, found in cell membranes and transport groups. Globular Proteins- more spherical in nature, less rigid in their structure and can undergo confirmation changes.

Question 39

What are the characteristics of enzymes?

Answer 39

1. Efficiency - work better than typical chemical catalyst. 2. Specificity- specific for individual chemical processes. 3. Well Regulated- adaptive to different metabolic, environmental conditions. Knows when to turn off.

Question 40

What is Delta S? How does this relate to enzymes?

Answer 40

Entropy, a measure of disorder. The most important factor for enzymes, enzymes work by creating more disorder in their enzymatic structure.

Question 41

What are co-factors?

Answer 41

They are non-protein components that are required to allow an enzyme to perform its role. They bind within enzyme to promote enzymatic processes.

Question 42

What are two types of cofactors and give examples?

Answer 42

Inorganic Ions (Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Mb) Organic (Coenzymes)- derived from vitamins, NADH, Niacin, Thiamin, Folic Acids, Vitamin D, Riboflavin, Vitamin C.

Question 43

A favored reaction = __________ A disfavored reaction = _________

Answer 43

spontaneous non-spontaneous

Question 44

What enzyme is involved with nucleophilic substitution reactions?

Answer 44

Transferases

Question 45

What enzyme is involved with acyl substitution?

Answer 45

Hydrolases Ex: Ester to carboxylic acid

Question 46

What enzyme is involved with redox reactions?

Answer 46

Oxidoreductase

Question 47

What enzyme is involved with elimination reactions? What enzyme is involved with addition reaction? What enzyme is involved with isomerization?

Answer 47

Lyase Ligase Isomerase