Module 3: Energy Transformations

Question 1

When large rock fragments scrape the ground in glaciers they cause

Answer 1

glacial striations

Question 2

<p>elastic rebound theory posits that continuing \_\_\_\_ along the fault results in a build up of \_\_\_\_\_\_ which is released in an earthquake</p>

Answer 2

<p>stress, energy</p>

Question 3

<p>What does elastic deformation do?</p>

Answer 3

<p>it stores energy in the form of potential energy</p>

Question 4

<p>mantle plumes are...</p>

Answer 4

<p>sources of hot swelling rock that come up through the Earth's crust</p>

Question 5

<p>What do mantle plumes produce?</p>

Answer 5

<p>- volcanic island chains
-</p>

Question 6

<p>hot spots track...</p>

Answer 6

<p>plate movement</p>

Question 7

<p>what does elastic mean in the context of rocks and earthquakes?</p>

Answer 7

<p>rocks can bend and snap back to their original state</p>

Question 8

<p>What are the two broad categories of earthquake waves?</p>

Answer 8

<p>1. Surface waves
2. Body waves</p>

Question 9

<p>What are the two types of body waves?</p>

Answer 9

<p>- P waves
- S waves</p>

Question 10

<p>P waves are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ waves</p>

Answer 10

<p>compressional</p>

Question 11

<p>When P waves are emitted they travel in \_\_\_\_\_\_ directions including deep into the Earth</p>

Answer 11

<p>all</p>

Question 12

<p>S waves can travel through...</p>

Answer 12

<p>any solid</p>

Question 13

<p>the wave motion of S-waves is...</p>

Answer 13

<p>perpendicular to travel direction</p>

Question 14

<p>What are s-waves called?</p>

Answer 14

<p>shear waves</p>

Question 15

<p>Tensional force is a force that is...</p>

Answer 15

<p>pulling a rock apart</p>

Question 16

<p>Shear is a force that is...</p>

Answer 16

<p>sliding past a rock</p>

Question 17

<p>a reverse fault forms as a result of, and in response to...</p>

Answer 17

<p>compressional stress</p>

Question 18

<p>a thrust fault forms in response to...</p>

Answer 18

<p>compressional stress</p>

Question 19

magma that has more silica (felsic) has a _____ viscosity

Answer 19

higher

Question 20

magma that has less silica (mafic) has a _____ viscosity

Answer 20

lower

Question 21

the nature of volcanic eruption depends on…

Answer 21

dissolved gas content

Question 22

what type of volcanoes do convergent boundaries tend to form?

Answer 22

stratovolcanoes (silica-rich magma)

Question 23

where do shield volcanoes tend to form?

Answer 23

along divergent boundaries

Question 24

How does solar radiation drive the Earth’s processes?

Answer 24

Photosynthesis and the water cycle

Question 25

How do thermal plumes result in effusive mafic eruptions?

Answer 25

Magma contains large volumes of dissolved gases. When they reach the surface, the pressure drops and the gases are released

Question 26

How does the partial melting of subducted oceanic plates result in explosive felsic eruptions?

Answer 26

The partial melting of rocks becomes felsic magma and mafic residue as the minerals are dissolved from the heat.

Question 27

How does magma interacting with overlying ice result in ash clouds?

Answer 27

When low viscosity, felsic magma comes in contact with ice, it cools quickly and solidifies forming volcanic glass. This glass then shatters in the atmosphere causing ash clouds.

Question 28

How does thermal expansion form mountains?

Answer 28

Rocks expand when they are heated. Some mountain ranges and plateaus are high simply because the crust and upper mantle beneath them are higher in temperature.

Question 29

How does the boiling point of water affect the Earth's systems?

Answer 29

The boiling point of water decreases as air pressure decreases/is boiled at a higher altitude. If it had a lower boiling point, the amount of liquid water would be reduced.

Question 30

How does the density of water affect the Earth's systems?

Answer 30

Ice is less dense than water, and therefore floats (also causes convection)

Question 31

How does the thermal capacity of water affect the Earth's systems?

Answer 31

This prevents organisms from absorbing or losing too much heat to the surrounding environment

Question 32

How water's ability to act as a solvent affect the Earth's systems?

Answer 32

All biological processes in the cell require reactants to be dissolved in water

Question 33

What does the El Niño cycle look like?

Answer 33

Question 34

What does the El Niño cycle look like?

Answer 34

Question 35

What does the El Niño cycle look like?

Answer 35

Question 36

What can treated wastewater be used for?

Answer 36

Firefighting, dust control, irrigation cooling water, household and processing water for industry